Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 19, Problem 9CP
Summary Introduction
To review:
The following:
1. The pathways used by the liver to produce glucose for secretions into the blood.
2. The reason behind inability of skeletal muscles to release glucose into the blood.
Introduction:
During fasting, the plasma glucose concentration is maintained constant because of the secretion of glucose from the liver. The hormones secreted from the pancreas play a vital role in maintaining the blood glucose level at optimum. Insulin decreases the blood glucose level, whereas glucagon raises the glucose concentration.
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Which of the following statements is true about brain metabolism in starvation?
a) The brain can use glucogenic amino acids for energy
b) The brain can only use glucose as fuel
c) Up to a quarter of energy requirement of the brain can come from fatty acids
d) Up to a half of energy requirement of the brain can come from ketone bodies
Fatty acids and triglycerides are an important source of nutrition and a dense form
of stored energy. Digestion of fats yields more energy per gram than digestion of
carbohydrates.
In the first step of fatty acid digestion, the carboxylic acid of a fatty acid is activated
to a fatty acyl-CoA. This activation step
A) requires the input of energy from ATP.
B) requires the input of energy from NADH.
C) releases energy which is captured in the form
of ATP.
D) releases energy which is captured in the form
of NADH.
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If false, correct the statement or provide a brief explanation for why it is
a) The presence of lipids in the diet slows down digestion in the
b) Insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake by the
c) Glucagon is the hormone that signals low blood glucose
d) Chylomicrons carry TAGs from the diet into the
e) During fasting and starvation the liver produces ketone bodies which fuel the heart and
f) The muscles can use glucose, fatty acids and ketone bodies for
g) When glucose enters the cell it is immediately and reversibly
h) Epinephrine stimulates breakdown of glycogen in muscles when there is an immediate need for energy by muscle
i) Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis to maintain the blood glucose
j) With high [carbohydrate] levels, excess glucose (after glycogen storage has reached a maximum) is converted to fat, leading to high [malonyl-CoA].
k) Malonyl-CoA inhibits carnitine acyltransferase II , thus slowing…
Chapter 19 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 19 - Explain how the metabolic rate is influenced by...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2aCPCh. 19 - Prob. 2bCPCh. 19 - Prob. 3CPCh. 19 - Distinguish between the energy reserves and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 5CPCh. 19 - Identify the brain regions involved in hunger and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 7CPCh. 19 - Describe how the secretions of insulin and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 8bCP
Ch. 19 - Define the following terms: glycogenolysis,...Ch. 19 - Prob. 9CPCh. 19 - Prob. 10aCPCh. 19 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 19 - Explain the meaning of the terms insulin...Ch. 19 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 19 - Prob. 12bCPCh. 19 - Prob. 13aCPCh. 19 - Prob. 13bCPCh. 19 - Describe the mechanisms by which the secretion of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 15aCPCh. 19 - Prob. 15bCPCh. 19 - Prob. 15cCPCh. 19 - ln questions 1-5, match the item to the correct...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2RACh. 19 - Prob. 3RACh. 19 - Prob. 4RACh. 19 - Prob. 5RACh. 19 - Prob. 6RACh. 19 - Prob. 7RACh. 19 - Prob. 8RACh. 19 - Prob. 9RACh. 19 - The increased intestinal absorption of calcium is...Ch. 19 - Prob. 11RACh. 19 - Prob. 12RACh. 19 - Prob. 13RACh. 19 - Prob. 14RACh. 19 - Prob. 15RACh. 19 - Prob. 16RACh. 19 - Prob. 17RACh. 19 - Prob. 18RACh. 19 - Prob. 19RACh. 19 - Prob. 20RACh. 19 - Prob. 21RACh. 19 - Prob. 22RACh. 19 - Prob. 23RACh. 19 - Prob. 24RACh. 19 - Prob. 25RACh. 19 - Prob. 26RACh. 19 - Prob. 27RACh. 19 - Describe the conditions of gigantism, acromegaly,...Ch. 19 - Describe how hormones secreted by the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 30RACh. 19 - Prob. 31RACh. 19 - Prob. 32RACh. 19 - Prob. 33RACh. 19 - Prob. 34RACh. 19 - Prob. 35RACh. 19 - Prob. 36RACh. 19 - Prob. 37RACh. 19 - Prob. 38RACh. 19 - Prob. 39RACh. 19 - Prob. 40RACh. 19 - Prob. 41RACh. 19 - Prob. 42RACh. 19 - Prob. 43RA
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- Describe the two fates of glycerol after it has been converted to an intermediate of glycolysis. Describe what happens to the level of blood lipids after a meal rich in fat. What happens to the products of triglyceride digestion as they pass into the cells of the intestinal mucosa?arrow_forwardWhen blood glucose levels rise following a meal, the following events occur. Arrange these events in the appropriate sequence.(a) Glucagon is secreted.(b) Glycolysis replenishes ATP supplies.(c) Glucose is absorbed by cells.(d) The liver releases glucose into the bloodstream.(e) Glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) occurs withexcess glucose.(f) Blood levels pass through normal to below normal(hypoglycemic).(g) Insulin levels rise.arrow_forwardHow does a ketogenic diet decrease the level of urea in obese patients and increase the level of creatine in obese patients? (explain on a molecular level)arrow_forward
- The most common form of malnutrition in children in the world, kwashiorkor, is caused by a diet having ample calories but little protein. The high levels of carbohydrate result in high levels of insulin. What is the effect of high levels of insulin on (a) lipid utilization? (b) protein metabolism? (c) Children suffering from kwashiorkor often have large distended bellies caused by water from the blood leaking into extracellular spaces. Suggest a biochemical basis for this condition.arrow_forwardHow does the body obtain most of the glucose it uses for energy?a) From foods containing carbohydrateb) From fatc) From waterarrow_forwardWhat is the reason that amino acid degradation spikes approximately 24 hours after starting a fast? (A) The brain adapts to using ketone bodies, and amino acids serve as the primary precursors for ketone bodies.(B) Red blood cells begin using amino acids to drive their citric acid cycle.(C) Amino acids are broken down and used to replenish glycogen. (D) The liver needs to make glucose for brain and RBCs, and amino acids provide the carbon skeleton for gluconeogenesis.(E) The ammonia released from amino acid breakdown is a substrate for b-oxidation, which increases during prolonged fasting.arrow_forward
- During the _____ phase of digestion, blood glucose levels drop and our body must depend on stored energy. The sympathetic nervous system directs the pancreas to release glucagon, which causes glycogen to be transformed back into glucose. Glucagon also causes stored fat and glycogen to be released into the bloodstream. A) fasting B) exhaustion C) resistencearrow_forwardOne consequence of starvation is a reduction in muscle mass. What happens to the muscle proteins?arrow_forwardThe body doesn’t have a reserve of proteins or amino acids for energy production. Which class of protein may be used initially during fasting to maintain glucose and energy levels? What is the difference between a glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid and why are both important during fasting?arrow_forward
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