Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 2QSDC
Certain environmental conditions such as exposure to UV light are known to activate lysogenic
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Certain environmental conditions such as exposure to UV light areknown to activate lysogenic λ prophages and cause them to progressinto the lytic cycle. UV light initially causes the repressor protein to be proteolytically degraded. Make a flow diagram showing the subsequent events that lead to the lytic cycle. (Note: The xis gene codes for an enzyme that is necessary to excise the λ prophage from the E. coli chromosome. The enzyme integrase is also necessary for this excision.)
M13 is a filamentous phage that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli. Infection with M13 is
not lethal. However, the infection causes turbid plaques in E. coli because infected bacteria
grow slower than the surrounding uninfected bacteria. This phage has been engineered to act
as a vector system. Explain how the amplification of gene of interest works in this phage with
illustration.
Use the blanks on the left hand side to put the following statements in order (use numbers or letters to designate the order). All of the
statements refer to the diauxic (sequential) growth of a bacterium on the carbon substrates glucose and lactose (see textbook Fig 4.11 on
diauxic growth). Remember, the lac operon contains the genes necessary for the lactose catabolism.
The glucose substrate is completely consumed, at which time the repressor protein on the lac operon
unbinds from the DNA molecule.
The lactose substrate is catabolized by the active B-galactosidase enzyme.
Glucose, as the preferred carbon substrate, is first consumed by catabolic enzymes that are constitutive
(always present).
After completion of translation, the B-galactosidase enzyme undergoes folding to form into an active enzyme
that can breakdown lactose into its constituent monosaccharides.
The messenger RNA code from the lac operon is translated by ribosomal RNAS to form lac-related enzymes,
such as…
Chapter 18 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 18.1 - 1. What is a common feature found in all viruses?...Ch. 18.1 - 2. Viral genomes can be
a. DNA or RNA.
b....Ch. 18.2 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 18.2 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 18.3 - A mutation in phage results in 10-fold greater...Ch. 18.3 - 2. The cl gene that encodes the λ repressor has...Ch. 18.4 - A viral protein that is needed to make HIV DNA is...Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 18.4 - After HIV components are made, what is the correct...Ch. 18 - 1. Discuss why viruses are considered nonliving.
Ch. 18 - What structural features are common to all...Ch. 18 - 3. What are the similarities and differences among...Ch. 18 - Prob. 4CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 5CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 6CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 7CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 8CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 10CONQCh. 18 - 11. What is a prophage, a provirus, and an...Ch. 18 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 13CONQCh. 18 - 14. With regard to promoting the lytic or...Ch. 18 - 15. How do therepressor and the cro protein affect...Ch. 18 - Prob. 16CONQCh. 18 - Figure 18.11 shows a genetic switch that controls...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 19CONQCh. 18 - Explain the role of RNase H (a component of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 21CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 22CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 23CONQCh. 18 - 24. Compare and contrast the roles of fully...Ch. 18 - 25. Describe the role of the Gag polyprotein...Ch. 18 - Prob. 26CONQCh. 18 - Prob. 27CONQCh. 18 - 1. Discuss how researchers determined that TMV is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2EQCh. 18 - What is a reconstituted virus?Ch. 18 - Following the infection of healthy tobacco leaves...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5EQCh. 18 - Prob. 6EQCh. 18 - A researcher identified a mutation in PR of phage ...Ch. 18 - Experimentally, when an E. coli bacterium already...Ch. 18 - 9. A bacterium is exposed to a drug that inhibits...Ch. 18 - This question combines your knowledge of bacterial...Ch. 18 - Prob. 1QSDCCh. 18 - 2. Certain environmental conditions such as...Ch. 18 - 3. Browse the Internet to determine the drugs that...
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- In the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a possible mode of therapy is to inhibit the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), whcih is required for the retrovirus to be propogated by RNA-directed DNA synthesis. In the figure below, one of the substrates for RT is thymidine; and two drugs, AZT and HBY097 are known to inhibit HIV RT> (a) Thymidine; (b) AZT; (c) HBY097 Look at the structures and predict the type of inhibition (i.e. competitive or non-competitive) likely to be shown by each drug. By using knowledge on enzyme, plan an experiment that would enable you to confirm the type of inhibition by investigating enzyme kinetics and explain how you would interpret the results.Remarks: Not more than 250 words.arrow_forwardThe map of the lac operon is shown below. Consider the following examples that include both haploids and partial diploids and explain in each scenario whether the repressor can bind and regulate expression and whether or not the lac operon is expressed. For partial diploids the plasmid is indicated by the F’. I+ O+ Z+ Y+ / F’ I+ O+ Z+ Y+ I- O+ Z+ Y+ / F’ I+ O+ Z+ Y+ I- O+ Z+ Y+ I+ Oc Z+ Y+arrow_forwardOur understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? What is an oncogene? How does if differ from a proto-oncogene? Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formationarrow_forward
- Inhibitors for this reverse transcriptase fall in two classes: nucleoside analog inhibitors (NRTIs) or non-nucleoside analog inhibitors (NNRTIs). NRTIs have a similar structure to nucleosides and block the active site of the reverse transcriptase, whereas NNRTIs don't look like nucleosides and bind to an allosteric pocket in the reverse transcriptase. Presently NNRTIs are used more often than NRTIs, as NRTIs have more severe side effects. Why do you think NRTIs would have severe side effects?arrow_forwardThe streptolysin S toxin made by S. pyogenes is encoded by a 9-gene operon, sagABCDEFGHI. Thinking about what a 3-line diagram would look like for this operon, answer the following questions. Write numeric answers only. For example, if your answer is 6 promoters, write only 6. 1) How many promoters control the expression of these genes? 2) How many locations does RNA Polymerase bind to get full expression of these genes? 3) How many ribosome binding sites are needed for full protein expression? 4) How many start codons will be needed for full protein expression? 5) How many mRNA strands will be produced with full operon expression? 6) How many proteins will be produced with full protein expression? 1arrow_forwardI have this strain of e coli. Is P+ o+ Z+ Y+ / I- P+ oC Z- Y+ Will beta-galactosidase and permease be expressed? If they are will they be inducible or constitutive?arrow_forward
- In the trp operon, if a mutation occurred in the gene for the repressor so that it could bind to the operator even in the absence of tryptophan____________. a) the inducer cannot bind trpO, so operon gene transcription occurs b) the active repressor cannot bind trpO, so operon gene transcription is attenuated c)the active repressor binds tpO, so operon gene transcription is always repressed d) the repressor binds the corepressor, and operon gene transcription occurs.arrow_forwardA haploid E. coli cell has the genotype I ¯ P+ O+ Z+ Y ¯ where the I ¯ indicates that the repressor protein cannot bind to the operator due to a mutation. Which of the following statements about cells with this lac operon genotype are correct? I ¯ P+ O+ Z+ Y ¯ Select all that apply. β-galactosidase will be transcribed constitutively. The cells are able to import lactose across the cell membrane. The cells are lac+ and are able to grow on a medium with lactose but no glucose. RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter.arrow_forwardFor the following diseases, describe the best technique for diagnosing them. Please make sure you include how you would tell someone with the disease from someone without the disease. B. Factor V Leiden thrombophilia is caused by a point mutation at position 1691 in exon 10 of the Factor V clotting factor gene that changes an arginine into a glutamine. This change removes one of the cleavage sites for activated protein C and leads to an increased tendency to clot.arrow_forward
- 7. Progression from metaphase to anaphase in the cell cycle, and subsequent exit from anaphase, requires sequential events involving the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC). APC is a multi- protein complex that has ubiquitin ligase activity (see pp. 611-612 in your textbook re: ubiquitin). When APC adds adds ubiquitin to a substrate protein, the protein is targeted for degradation by the proteasome. Two important substrates of APC are the proteins securin and cyclin B. Destruction of securin allows the separation of sister chromatids at the beginning of anaphase, whereas subsequent destruction of cyclin B allows cells to exit anaphase (see Figure 24-18 in your textbook). APC Cdh-1 Cdc20- Securin Mitotic cyclins Cohesin G1 Metaphase Anaphase For APC to bind specific substrates, it requires unique adaptor proteins that help it to recognize its substrates. The adaptor protein Cdc20 allows APC to recognize and ubiquitinate securin, while the adaptor Cdh-1 allows APC to recognize and…arrow_forwardIn the presence of tryptophan, and a mutation in the allosteric domain that abolishes tryptophan binding______. a) the active repressor cannot bind trp), so operon gene transription is attenuated b) the inactive repressor cannot bind trpO, so operon gene transcription occurs] c) the active repressor binds trpP, so operon gene trasncription is repressed, the inducer cannot bind trpO, so gene transcription occurs d) the repressor binds to the corepressor, and an operon gene transcription occursarrow_forwardIn immediate-early transcription of the phage genome, the N protein works as an antiterminator to allow transcription of the delayed early genes. After this, if the bacterial cell that this lambda phage infects is robustly healthy, it will make many proteases that overwhelm the efforts of the clll protein in protecting the cll protein from degradation. If the cll protein is degraded, protein will block transcription from the PRM promoter and promote the lysis the cro pathway. If the lysogenic pathway prevails, the cll protein is protected P-RM promoter. This results in the which blocks transcription from P-RM cro . Upon integration, the prop until environmental conditions induce the lytic pathway. [Select] cl cill cro N P-L P-RM P-RE transcription from the protein being made, nscription from s host chromosomearrow_forward
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