a.
To determine:
The basis for tRNA synthetase genes in B. subtilis regulated by T-box RNA leaders.
Introduction:
The promoter of the lac operon functions as the binding site for RNA polymerase. The RNA polymerase enzyme performs the function of transcription. The operator acts as a negative regulatory site and forms complex with lac repressor protein. The operator passes over the promoter, and when the repressor is bound then the RNA polymerase is not able to bind with the promoter and thus, starts transcription.
b.
To determine:
The alteration in the tyrS T-box leader so that it can respond to the uncharged tRNAPhe instead of tRNATyr.
Introduction:
DNA is the genetic material of all organisms except some viruses.
c.
To determine:
A change in the interaction of the 5’ UAC 3’ codon when it was changed to 5’ CUA 3’.
Introduction:
The codons are a set of three nucleotides that encode for a specific amino acid. There are a total of 64 codons that can account for 20 amino acids. The amino acid tyrosine is encoded by only one amino acid.
d.
To determine:
The gene mutation that can make the mutant T-box RNA leader functional again.
Introduction:
The process of DNA replication is the process by which the genetic material of the organism copies itself to be distributed among the daughter cells during cell division. The DNA replication takes place before the cell division and prepares the cell for mitosis and meiosis. This process is followed by transcription and translation.
e.
To determine:
The effect on beta-galactosidase when the levels of tyrosine are high and low.
Introduction:
Proteins are the long chains of amino acids that are present in a specific sequence in the cell. These protein are synthesized by mRNA inside the nucleus and then transported into the cytoplasm where they undergo post-translational modifications.
f.
To determine:
The effect on beta-galactosidase when the levels of tyrosine are high and low when the mutation takes place in the tRNA gene.
Introduction:
The process of DNA replication is the process by which the genetic material of the organism copies itself to be distributed among the daughter cells during cell division. The DNA replication results in the production of multiple copies of DNA that is distributed among daughter cells.
g.
To determine:
The search criteria for T-box regulators.
Introduction:
The process of DNA replication is the process by which the genetic material of the organism copies itself to be distributed among the daughter cells during cell division. The DNA replication takes place before the cell division and prepares the cell for mitosis and meiosis. This process is followed by transcription and translation.
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Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- A normal hemoglobin protein has a glutamic acid at position 6; in sickle-cell hemoglobin, this glutamic acid has been replaced by a valine. List all the possible mRNA codons that could be present for each type of hemoglobin. Can a single base change result in a change from Glu to Val in hemoglobin?arrow_forwardFor the anticodon sequences 5' IAA and 5' xm^3s^2UAA, considering the DNA sequences of the genes encoding the tRNAs(assuming both tRNAs exist even if that is not true), What is the sequence of the RNA-like strand of each tRNA gene that corresponds to the tRNA's anticodon? be sure to indicate polarities.arrow_forwardSeveral experiments were conducted to obtain information about how the eukaryotic ribosome recognizes the AUG start codon. In one experiment, the gene that encodes methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) was located and changed; specifically, the nucleotides that specify the anticodon on tRNAiMet were mutated so that the anticodon in the tRNA was 5′ –CCA–3′ instead of 5′ CAU–3′. When this mutated gene was placed in a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis took place, but the proteins produced were abnormal. Some of these proteins contained extra aminoacids, and others contained fewer amino acids than normal. a. What do these results indicate about how the ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells? Explain your reasoning. b. If the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells, what results would you expect? c. Explain why some of the proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids than normal.arrow_forward
- A single base addition and a single base deletion approximately 15 bases apart in the mRNA specifying the protein lysozyme from the bacterial virus T4 caused a change in the protein from its wil-type composition….lys-ser-pro-ser-leu-asn-ala-ala-lys…..to the mutant form lys-val-his-his-leu-met-ala-alalys.a. Decipher the segment of mRNA for both the original protein and the double mutant.b. Which base was added? Which was deleted?arrow_forwardThe 5′ region of the TPP riboswitch in Bacillus subtilis is very similar to the TPP riboswitch in E. coli. Even so, the riboswitch in B. subtilis regulates transcription, whereas the one in E. coli regulates translation. What is the role of the 5′ region in both riboswitches? How can one riboswitch regulate transcription while the other regulates translation?arrow_forwardEF-Tu binds all aminoacyl–tRNAs with approximately equal affinity so that it can deliver them to the ribosome with the same effi ciency. Based on the experimentally determined binding constants for EF-Tu and correctly charged and mischarged aminoacyl–tRNAs (see table), explain how the tRNA–EF-Tu recognition system could prevent the incorporation of the wrong amino acid during translation.arrow_forward
- In HbS, the human hemoglobin found in individuals with sickle-cell anemia, glutamic acid at position 6 in the beta chain is replaced by valine. Q.) Show that one of the glutamic acid codons can be converted to a valine codon by a single substitution mutation (i.e., by changing one letter in one codon).arrow_forwardWhile helix-turn-helix (HTH) is known to be involved in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription, helix-loop-helix (HLH) is mostly found in eukaryotes. Identify the differences between helix turn helix and helix loop helix.arrow_forwardA single base addition and a single base deletion approximately 15 bases apart in the mRNA specifying the protein lysozyme from the bacterial virus T4 caused a change in the protein from its wild-type composition...lys-ser-pro-ser-leu-asn-ala-ala-lys....to the lys-val-his-his-leu-met-ala-ala-lys. a. Decipher the segment of MRNA for both the original protein and the double mutant. mutant form b. Which base was added? Which was deleted?arrow_forward
- In bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA genes. These mutations can change the sequence of the anticodon. For example, a normal tRNATrp gene encodes a tRNA with the anticodon 3′–ACC–5′. A mutation can change this sequence to 3′–CCC–5′. When this mutation occurs, the tRNA still carries a tryptophan at its 3′ acceptor stem, even though the anticodon sequence has been altered. A. How would this mutation affect the synthesis of polypeptides within the bacterium? B. What does this mutation tell you about the recognition between tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNATrp? Does the enzyme primarily recognize the anticodon or not?arrow_forwardSeveral experiments were conducted to obtain information about how the eukaryotic ribosome recognizes the AUG start codon. In one experiment, the gene that encodes methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) was located and changed; specifically, the nucleotides that specify the anticodon on tRNAi Met were mutated so that the anticodon in the tRNA was 5′ –CCA–3′ instead of 5′ –CAU–3′. When this mutated gene was placed in a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis took place, but the proteins produced were abnormal. Some of these proteins contained extra amino acids, and others contained fewer amino acids than normal. a. What do these results indicate about how the ribosome recognizes the starting point for translation in eukaryotic cells? Explain your reasoning. b. If the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells, what results would you expect? c. Explain why some of the proteins produced contained extra amino acids while others contained fewer amino acids than normalarrow_forwardSeveral experiments were conducted to obtain information about how the eukaryotic ribosome recognizes the AUG start codon. In one experiment, the gene that encodes methionine initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet) was located and changed; specifically, the nucleotides that specify the anticodon on tRNAiMet were mutated so that the anticodon in the tRNA was 5′ –CCA–3′ instead of 5′ –CAU–3′. When this mutated gene was placed in a eukaryotic cell, protein synthesis took place, but the proteins produced were abnormal. Some of these proteins contained extra amino acids, and others contained fewer amino acids than normal. Q. If the same experiment had been conducted on bacterial cells, what results would you expect?arrow_forward
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