Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 14, Problem 9P
A recent metagenomic study analyzed the microorganisms present on surfaces within the entire subway system of New York City. The researchers found hundreds of bacterial species in the subway, most of them nonpathogenic. Interestingly, almost half of all DNA found in the subway matches no known organism
| a. | The scientists found that different subway stations had characteristic microbiomes. How might this observation be useful to the police? |
| b. | Because the majority of the subway DNA that could be identified was bacterial, the researchers presume that most of the DNA fragments that could not be matched to a known organism are bacterial. Why do you think that so many bacterial species are unknown to us? What feature of these unknown bacteria might prevent us from studying them? |
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Below is an image of the results of a gel electrophoresis experiment.
Lanes 1-4 contain amplified DNA fragments and Lane 5 contains the
DNA size marker (DSM). From this image and by only using Lanes 1-
4 which lane matches each description below?
a) This lane contains the largest DNA fragment:
b) This lane contains the smallest DNA fragment:
c) This lane contains a 2.5 kbp DNA fragment:
42
| ||
||| | ||
12 kb
9.5 kb
6.5 kb
4 kb
2 kb
***
Can you say that the microbial composition changes over time in each of the body locations? Give two pieces of evidence.
Why do you think the scientists also tested the soil around the cadaver?
The study was done with mice and their cadavers decomposed on soil graves in the University of Colorado Transgenic Facility. Do you think the graphs would have looked different if the decomposition events would have happened outside during the hot summer months? Explain.
In a campus-wide screen for microbes, you find DNA from the bacterial species that causes the bubonic plague, Yersinia pestis. You take the sample back to the lab, and try to grow (very carefully), but can't culture the organism. Provide two possible explanations for why you can't grow this sample in the lab.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 14 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 14 - The unicellular, rod-shaped bacterium E. coli is 2...Ch. 14 - Now that the sequence of the entire E. coli K12...Ch. 14 - Bacterial genomes such as that of E. coli...Ch. 14 - List at least three features of eukaryotic genomes...Ch. 14 - Describe a mechanism by which a gene could move...Ch. 14 - High salt concentrations tend to cause protein...Ch. 14 - Recently, scientists tested the possibility that...Ch. 14 - A recent metagenomic study analyzed the...Ch. 14 - Linezolid is a new type of antibiotic that...
Ch. 14 - A liquid culture of E. coli at a concentration of...Ch. 14 - Pick out the medium i, ii, iii, or iv onto which...Ch. 14 - This problem concerns Fig. 14.14, which...Ch. 14 - In two isolates one is resistant to ampicillin,...Ch. 14 - E. coli cells usually have only one copy of the F...Ch. 14 - In E. coli, the genes purC and pyrB are located...Ch. 14 - DNA sequencing of the entire H. influenzae genome...Ch. 14 - Genes encoding toxins are often located on...Ch. 14 - a. You want to perform an interrupted-mating...Ch. 14 - In Problem 19, do you think that most of the...Ch. 14 - One issue with interrupted-mating experiments such...Ch. 14 - Prob. 22PCh. 14 - Starting with an F- strain that was prototrophic...Ch. 14 - You can carry out matings between an Hfr and F...Ch. 14 - Genome sequences show that some pathogenic...Ch. 14 - Generalized and specialized transduction both...Ch. 14 - This problem highlights some useful variations of...Ch. 14 - A researcher has a Trp auxotrophic strain of E....Ch. 14 - Streptococcus parasanguis is a bacterial species...Ch. 14 - The sequence at one end of one strand of the...Ch. 14 - Scientists who study amino acid biosynthesis...Ch. 14 - Suppose that you could obtain radioactively...Ch. 14 - Prob. 34PCh. 14 - Some scientists are trying to engineer...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- In another experiment, Griffith mixed heat killed S strain with live R strain bacteria and injected the mixture into mice. A. What strain of the bacteria was found in the blood samples of the mice? B. What were the results of this experiment? C. What conclusion did he reach based on these results?arrow_forwardPlease answer these two questions regarding PCR: a) Why do you need to perform PCR on DNA obtained from a crime scene? b) Why so forensic labs analyze non-coding DNA rather than genes?arrow_forwardDescribe how would you determine the following using a real-time PCR instrument. A) The quantity and quality of a DNA sample. B) Whether an individual had cystic fibrosis from a genomic DNA sample. C) If several bacterial pathogens were present in DNA extracted from a food sample.arrow_forward
- will be focusing on genetics as a whole, but also differentiating some specifics for bacterial genetics. The area where I want you to focus for this discussion is on a gene in a microorganism that provides a characteristic you find interesting. However, I want it to be a gene that is beneficial for the microbial cell, but allows for a negative impact related to the human. For example, some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have a gene, mecA, that makes them resistant to the antibiotic methicillin. They are commonly called methicillin-resistant S. aureus or MRSA. The gene is beneficial to the bacteria because it allows for their survival even in the presence of this antibiotic but is negative for humans because it limits what antibiotics can be used for treatment. There are a large range of options here including microbe structures as well as the production of various substances so don’t limit your search.arrow_forwardFor what purpose is DNA fingerprinting used A) to sequence DNA from bacteria B) to separate DNA fragments C) to identify individuals who have committed crimes D) to identify single nucleotide polymerasearrow_forwardDefinition of Terms( This is all about Applications of Recombinant DNA){ 2-3 sentences only) a. Clone b. Plasmids c. Biotechnology a. PCR Amplification b. Detection c. Modified Trait d. Human Genome e. Genetic Modified Organismarrow_forward
- PCR can be used __________. a) to increase the number of specific DNA fragments b) to modify the genome c) to obtain the sequence of the DNAarrow_forward9) These bacteria in the picture to the left are called Staphylococcus aureus. Give two reasons why is it called Staphylococcus. a. b.arrow_forwardChoose the one answer that fits best. Which of the following statements regarding bacteria is NOT correct? a. During conjugation, two bacteria exchange genetic information directly via pili b. Bacterial populations have a higher mutation rate because their DNA Polymerases do not have proofreading capability c. Bacterial growth by binary fission is exponential and each division usually takes only a couple of hour or less d. Plasmids carry just a few genes and are replicated independently from the bacterial chromosome e. Cocci that are arranged in clusters/bunches are called staphylococciarrow_forward
- Bacteria and other microbes can be used to "clean up" an oil spill by breaking down oil into carbon dioxide and water. Two samples isolated from the Deepwater Horizon leak in the Gulf of Mexico were labeled A and B. The DNA of each was isolated and the percent thymine measured in each sample. Sample A contains 18.1% thymine and sample B contains 28.9% thymine. Assume the organisms contain normal double-stranded DNA and predict the composition of the other bases. percent adenine in sample A: SA percent guanine in sumple A: percent cytosine in sample A: percent adenine in sample B}: percent guanine in sample B 5 percent cytosine in sample B Beth samples are then denatured to remove the secondary structure. Which will have the higher temperature to densture!arrow_forwardWhen Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had beentransferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteriaarrow_forwardThe idea behind PCR-based diagnostics is that a very small number of microbial genomes in a patient sample can be multiplied by PCR and more easily detected by the clinical team managing the patient’s care. Also, genetic-based diagnostics are very useful for viral infections because we don’t have biochemical tests, etc. to distinguish one virus from another (remember, viruses are metabolically inactive). However, a lot of work goes into the development of these tests. For instance, PCR requires primers that are complementary to the viral genome that is being copied. If primers are complementary to the target genome, what must scientists know to design primers that bind to the viral genome to be copied? (I mean this to be a general question; don’t look up the details of designing primers)arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Mechanisms of Genetic Change or Evolution; Author: Scientist Cindy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FE8WvGzS4Q;License: Standard Youtube License