Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 14, Problem 4P
Bacterial genomes such as that of E. coli typically have only a single origin of replication, from which replication proceeds bidirectionally. Pol III, the DNA polymerase responsible for replicating the E. coli chromosome, synthesizes DNA at a rate of about 1000
| a. | From this information, estimate the minimum generation time of E. coli. |
| b. | Under optimal conditions, E. coli have been observed to divide in as little as 17 minutes. Speculate how this Might be possible, given your answer to part (a). |
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Bacterial genomes such as that of E. coli typicallyhave only a single origin of replication, from whichreplication proceeds bidirectionally. Pol III, the DNApolymerase responsible for replicating the E. colichromosome, synthesizes DNA at a rate of about1000 nucleotides per second.a. From this information, estimate the minimum generation time of E. coli.b. Under optimal conditions, E. coli have been observedto divide in as little as 17 minutes. Speculate howthis might be possible, given your answer to part (a).
The experiment below is from a seminal set of experiments in the 1960s that illustrated the role of various repair pathways for DNA damage caused by UV radiation. In this experiment, the scientists isolated E coli strains that are mutant in the Rec A gene, the UvrA gene or both. They then irradiated cultures of each strain with increasing doses of UV light and measured the effect on cell viability. Answer the following questions about this data.
A. Which DNA repair pathway and repair activity is inhibited by the Rec A mutant?
B. Which DNA repair pathway and repair function is inhibited by UvrA mutant?
C. Why is the UvrA/RecA double mutant so much more senitive to UV light than either mutant alone?
Some antibiotic drugs fight infection by interfering with DNA replication, transcription, or translation in bacteria. Indicate whether each of the following antibiotic drug effects is on replication, transcription, or translation.
HINT Each answer (replication, transcription, and translation) is used only once for the following:
a. Rifampin binds to bacterial RNA polymerase.
b. Streptomycin binds bacterial ribosomes, disabling them.
c. Quinolone blocks an enzyme that prevents bacterial DNA from unwinding.
Chapter 14 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 14 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 14 - The unicellular, rod-shaped bacterium E. coli is 2...Ch. 14 - Now that the sequence of the entire E. coli K12...Ch. 14 - Bacterial genomes such as that of E. coli...Ch. 14 - List at least three features of eukaryotic genomes...Ch. 14 - Describe a mechanism by which a gene could move...Ch. 14 - High salt concentrations tend to cause protein...Ch. 14 - Recently, scientists tested the possibility that...Ch. 14 - A recent metagenomic study analyzed the...Ch. 14 - Linezolid is a new type of antibiotic that...
Ch. 14 - A liquid culture of E. coli at a concentration of...Ch. 14 - Pick out the medium i, ii, iii, or iv onto which...Ch. 14 - This problem concerns Fig. 14.14, which...Ch. 14 - In two isolates one is resistant to ampicillin,...Ch. 14 - E. coli cells usually have only one copy of the F...Ch. 14 - In E. coli, the genes purC and pyrB are located...Ch. 14 - DNA sequencing of the entire H. influenzae genome...Ch. 14 - Genes encoding toxins are often located on...Ch. 14 - a. You want to perform an interrupted-mating...Ch. 14 - In Problem 19, do you think that most of the...Ch. 14 - One issue with interrupted-mating experiments such...Ch. 14 - Prob. 22PCh. 14 - Starting with an F- strain that was prototrophic...Ch. 14 - You can carry out matings between an Hfr and F...Ch. 14 - Genome sequences show that some pathogenic...Ch. 14 - Generalized and specialized transduction both...Ch. 14 - This problem highlights some useful variations of...Ch. 14 - A researcher has a Trp auxotrophic strain of E....Ch. 14 - Streptococcus parasanguis is a bacterial species...Ch. 14 - The sequence at one end of one strand of the...Ch. 14 - Scientists who study amino acid biosynthesis...Ch. 14 - Suppose that you could obtain radioactively...Ch. 14 - Prob. 34PCh. 14 - Some scientists are trying to engineer...
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- You examine DNA replication in an E. coli mutant, which has a partially defective DNA polymerase. In vitro experiments using the mutant DNA polymerase gives an error rate of 10-3, as compared to the expected error rate of 10-6. Which of the following activities is the mutant polymerase likely to be missing, as compared to the normal polymerase? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWhen Griffith incubated heat-killed virulent S strain bacteria with live avirulent R strains, he found that R cells were transformed into lethal, disease-causing bacteria. What is the molecule responsible for the transformation of R cells into the S type? Why did the transformation occur? A. Proteins in the heat-killed S cell extract; they were able to synthesize the capsular polysaccharide in the R cells and make them virulent. B. The capsular polysaccharide in the heat-killed S cell extract; the polysaccharide was able to attach to R cells, thus making them virulent. C. DNA in the heat-killed S cell extract; the DNA altered the genetic makeup of R cells, allowing them to synthesize the polysaccharide capsule, thus making them virulent. D. Specialized lipids in the cell membrane of the S cells were able to integrate with the R cells, conferring the ability to evade host immunity.arrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If a statement is false, explain why it is false. A. The repair polymerase is the enzyme that proofreads the newly synthesized strands to ensure the accuracy of DNA replication. B. There is a single enzyme that degrades the RNA primers and lays down the corresponding DNA sequence behind it. C. DNA ligase is required to seal the sugar-phosphate backbone between all the DNA fragments on the lagging strand. D. The repair polymerase does not require the aid of the sliding clamp, because it is only synthesizing DNA over very short stretches. Answer the following questions about DNA replication. On a DNA strand that is being synthesized, which end is growing the 3' end, the 5' end, or both ends? Explain your answer. А. B. On a DNA strand that is being used as a template, where is the copying occurring relative to the replication origin-3' of the origin, 5', or both?arrow_forward
- The E coli cell contains 107 non-specific DNA binding sites for R, 10 R molecules, and 1 Operator. And the mechanism of specific binding of R to O works well with these concentrations. Would it work if R = 1? Explain with a calculation.arrow_forwardExtreme UV exposure leads to the SOS response in bacteria. By what mechanism does the SOS response function? Answer choices induction of photolyase and the addition of white light to remove the thymine dimer destruction of lexA, which leads to expression of an alternate, error-prone DNA polymerase homologous recombination repair non-homologous end joining exinuclease removal of a segment of DNA including a thymine dimer, followed by the replacement of DNA using the complementary strand of DNAarrow_forwardMany of the gene products involved in DNA synthesis wereinitially defined by studying mutant E. coli strains that could notsynthesize DNA. Question: The dnaE gene encodes the a subunit of DNA polymeraseIII. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene?How could the mutant strain be maintained?arrow_forward
- Cancer cells must be able to proliferate indefinitely. Therefore, many inappropriately express telomerase. a. What is the function of telomerase? b. Why does telomerase enable cells to proliferate indefinitely?arrow_forwardPRDM9 recruits SPO11, a topoisomerase type II like protein, to induce DNA double strand breaks. Illustrate Illustrate and explain and explain how SPO11 releases SPO11-linked oligonucleotides.arrow_forwardA conditional mutation expresses its mutant phenotype only under certain conditions (the restrictive conditions) and expresses the normal phenotype under other conditions (the permissive conditions). One type of conditional mutation is a temperature-sensitive mutation, which expresses the mutant phenotype only at certain temperatures. Strains of E. coli have been isolated that contain temperature-sensitive mutations in the genes encoding different components of the replication machinery. In each of these strains, the protein produced by the mutated gene is non-functional under the restrictive conditions. These strains are grown under permissive conditions and then abruptly switched to the restrictive condition. After one round of replication under the restrictive condition, the DNA from each strain is isolated and analysed. What characteristics would you expect to see in the DNA isolated from each strain with a temperature-sensitive mutation in its gene that encodes a) DNA…arrow_forward
- Indicate whether each of the following statements are true of depurination, deaminationor pyrimidine dimer formation and which repair process (base excision repair, nucleotideexcision repair) is pertinent to the statement; and explain why.A given statement may be true of one, or more than one, of these processes. Be sure toinclude some molecular detail in your explanation.A. Repair involves an endonuclease B. Repair involves DNA ligase C. Repair involves a helicasearrow_forwardTripartite motif-containing protein 5a or TRIM5a is a cellular antiviral restriction factor. Briefly describe the mechanism that prevents early replication eventsarrow_forwardA conditional mutation expresses its mutant phenotype only under certain conditions (the restrictive conditions) and expresses the normal phenotype under other conditions (the permissive conditions). One type of conditional mutation is a temperature-sensitive mutation, which expresses the mutant phenotype only at certain temperatures. Strains of E. coli have been isolated that contain temperature-sensitive mutations in genes encoding different components of the replication machinery. In each of these strains, the protein produced by the mutated gene is nonfunctional under the restrictive conditions. You grow these strains under the permissive conditions and then abruptly switch them to the restrictive conditions. After one round of replication under therestrictive conditions, you isolate DNA from each strain and analyze it. What characteristics would you expect to see in the DNA isolated from a strain with a temperature-sensitive mutation in the gene that encodes the following…arrow_forward
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genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION; Author: Scientist Cindy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Va8FZJEl9A;License: Standard youtube license