Concept explainers
To determine: The result that would be observed when there are epigenetic tags on the insulin gene and their promoters are analyzed.
Introduction: Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which permits the body to use glucose (sugar) from the carbohydrates in the food that an individual eats for energy or to store the glucose for future use. Insulin helps in regulating the blood sugar level in the body of an individual. The genes that are involved in the synthesis of the insulin protein are called insulin gene. Insulin hormone is usually secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas.
To describe: The way in which an individual can normalize the insulin secretion in Type 2 diabetes.
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of
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Biology
- . GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sixth step in glycolysis, an important reaction that produces molecules used in cellular respiration. Table 2 below shows the percentage similarity of this gene and the protein it expresses in humans versus other species. For example, according to the table, the GAPDH gene in chimpanzees is 99.6% identical to the gene found in humans, while the protein is identical. Draw a cladogram depicting the evolutionary relationships among all five species (including humans) according to their percentage similarity in the GAPDH gene. Table 2. Percentage Similarity Between the GAPDH Gene and Protein in Humans and Other Species Species Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans) Gene Percentage Similarity 99.6% 91.3% 72.4% 68.2% Protein Percentage Similarity 100% 95.2% 76.7% 74.3%arrow_forwardDescribe the intracellular, biochemical downstream signal cascade that results from the binding of menthol to TRPM8arrow_forwardExplain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.arrow_forward
- This is the full question.. "Both the cytokinin receptor encoded by CRE1 and the ethylene receptor encoded by ETR1 are examples of" Both the cytokinin receptor encoded by CRE1 and the ethylene receptor encoded by ETR1 are examples of O Leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase • The response regulator component of a two-component sensor histidine kinase (i.e., the component that directly activates transcription (type B ARRS, in the case of cytokinin) or directly mediates a response (type A ARRS)) O Regulatory molecules that bind calcium O The sensor histidine kinase component of a two-component sensor histidine kinase (i.e., the part that receives the signal and passes it to other components of the signal transduction cascade) O Proteins that shuttle from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to alter gene expressionarrow_forwardPlease help me with this question. More than one answer may be correct. A greater number of protocadherin genes ____. Options: A) are found in Drosophila than humans B) were the precursors to megacadherin, which eventually defeated Dr. Wily C) are present in vertebrates than classical cadherin genes D) are associated with larger brains E) are found in octopuses than humansarrow_forwardEpigenetics may be partially responsible for the childhood epidemic of obesity. Explain.arrow_forward
- Increased ROS levels are a hallmark for Alzheimer's Disease. This is accurately described by all but which of the following statements? ROS production is upregulated because of the activity of the enzyme NADPH oxidase Oxidative phosphorylation is increased, leading to enhanced ROS generation via the ETC Amyloid precursor protein is converted in higher amounts to the amyloid peptide facilitating greater amounts of aggregation BACE1 levels are transcriptionally increased via hypoxia inducible factor Mitochondrial pyruvate flux is reduced 00000arrow_forwardPart A (Short Response): You are developing a TGF-β agonist, but you don’t yet know which specific proteins it is signaling through. You want to do a single Western blot to measure changes in signaling activity, regardless of which pathway is being activated. For which protein involved in these pathways could you measure the levels in the nucleus of cells and be confident in your results? Why? This part was already posted on chegg, but I didn't understand the answer. I need a thorough explanation, so I can fully understand. Part B (Short Response): There have been many attempts to block TGF-β signaling in cancer through many different mechanisms, but none of been very successful. Why do you think this is? I know they have gotten close to being successful, but I don't know what preventing their success.arrow_forwardPlease provide a good explanation. If the independent variable (IGF-1) is increasing, what would happen to the dependent variable (GHRH)arrow_forward
- Comment on the difference in expression patterns between APETALA1 and CYCLIN1. How do the differences in expression patterns reflect their different functions?arrow_forwardA -------| B-------> Violet A linear switch-regulation pathway of the type shown here controls flower color in a certain species. The wildtype color is violet, but mutants can be either white or purple. Gene products A and B act in the pathway at the positions and in the manner shown (A is inhibitory, B is intensifying). A and B are the products of genes A and B, respectively. What are the expected phenotypes of: (a) A loss-of-function mutation in A? (b) A gain-of-function mutation in A? (c) A loss-of-function mutation in B? (d) A gain-of-function mutation in B?arrow_forward. An interesting mutation in lacI results in repressorswith 110-fold increased binding to both operator andnonoperator DNA. These repressors display a “reverse”induction curve, allowing β-galactosidase synthesis inthe absence of an inducer (IPTG) but partly repressingβ-galactosidase expression in the presence of IPTG. Howcan you explain this? (Note that, when IPTG binds a repressor, it does not completely destroy operator affinity,but rather it reduces affinity 110-fold. Additionally, ascells divide and new operators are generated by thesynthesis of daughter strands, the repressor must findthe new operators by searching along the DNA, rapidlybinding to nonoperator sequences and dissociating fromthem.)arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning