Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 11, Problem 22CONQ
What enzymatic features of DNA polymerase prevent it from replicating one of the DNA strands at the ends of linear chromosomes? Compared with DNA polymerase, how is telomerase different in its ability to synthesize a DNA strand? What does telomerase use as its template for the synthesis of a DNA strand? How does the use of this template result in a telomere sequence that is tandemly repetitive?
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What is the end-replication problem? Why, in the absence of telomerase, do the ends of linear chromosomes get progressively shorter each time the DNA is replicated?
What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand in DNA replication?
There are different DNA polymerases involved in elongation of the leading strand and the lagging strand.
The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' → 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in the 5' → 3' direction.
The leading strand requires an RNA primer, whereas the lagging strand does not.
The leading strand is synthesized in the 3' → 5' direction in a discontinuous fashion, while the lagging strand is synthesized in the 5' → 3' direction in a continuous fashion.
Which of the followings statements are true about DNA polymerase?
1.) It can only go in one direction, meaning the lagging strand can't be synthesized continuously.
2.) It cannot start a DNA strand from scratch, so another enzyme is needed to create "primers" as a starting point.
3.) It cannot copy epigenetic marks (such as methyl groups) on its own; these must be "copied" onto the daughter DNA strand by other enzymes after DNA replication.
4.) All of the above
Chapter 11 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 11.1 - 1. The complementarity of DNA strands is based on...Ch. 11.1 - 2. To make a new DNA strand, which of the...Ch. 11.1 - 3. The model that correctly describes the process...Ch. 11.2 - 1. A site in a chromosome where DNA replication...Ch. 11.2 - The origin of replication in E. coli contains a....Ch. 11.3 - 1. The enzyme known as ______ uses ________ and...Ch. 11.3 - In the lagging strand, DNA is made in the...Ch. 11.4 - 1. DNA polymerase III is a processive enzyme,...Ch. 11.4 - 2. The proofreading function of DNA polymerase...Ch. 11.5 - 1. In eukaryotes, DNA replication is initiated at...
Ch. 11.5 - 2. Which of the following statements regarding DNA...Ch. 11.5 - 3. In eukaryotes, RNA primers are primarily...Ch. 11.5 - 4. To synthesize DNA, what does telomerase use as...Ch. 11 - What key structural features of the DNA molecule...Ch. 11 - 2. With regard to DNA replication, define the term...Ch. 11 - Which of the following statements is not true?...Ch. 11 - The compound known as nitrous acid is a reactive...Ch. 11 - One way that bacterial cells regulate DNA...Ch. 11 - 6. The chromosome of E. coli contains 4.6 million...Ch. 11 - Here are two strands of DNA. DNA polymerase The...Ch. 11 - A DNA strand has the following sequence:...Ch. 11 - 9. List and briefly describe the three types of...Ch. 11 - 10. As shown in Figure 11.5, five DnaA boxes are...Ch. 11 - 11. Obtain two strings of different colors (e.g.,...Ch. 11 - Sometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the...Ch. 11 - 13. A short genetic sequence, which may be...Ch. 11 - Single-strand binding proteins keep the two...Ch. 11 - 15. In the following drawing, the top strand is...Ch. 11 - Describe the three important functions of DnaA...Ch. 11 - 17. Draw a picture that illustrates how DNA...Ch. 11 - What is an Okazaki fragment? In which strand of...Ch. 11 - Discuss the similarities and differences in the...Ch. 11 - 20. Explain the proofreading function of DNA...Ch. 11 - 21. What is a processive enzyme? Explain why...Ch. 11 - 22. What enzymatic features of DNA polymerase...Ch. 11 - 23. As shown in Figure 11.24, telomerase attaches...Ch. 11 - If a eukaryotic chromosome has 25 origins of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 25CONQCh. 11 - A diagram of a linear chromosome is shown here....Ch. 11 - As discussed in Chapter 18, some viruses contain...Ch. 11 - 28. Telomeres contain a 3′ overhang region, as...Ch. 11 - 1. Answer the following questions pertaining to...Ch. 11 - An absentminded researcher follows the steps of...Ch. 11 - Figure 11.4b shows an autoradiograph of a...Ch. 11 - 4. As described in Table 11.3, what is the...Ch. 11 - The technique of dideoxy sequencing of DNA is...Ch. 11 - 6. Another technique described in Chapter 21 is...Ch. 11 - The complementarity of its two strands is the...Ch. 11 - Compare and contrast DNA replication in bacteria...Ch. 11 - 3. DNA replication is fast, virtually error-free,...
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- During DNA replication in E. coli, which enzyme forms the phosphodiester bond between an RNA primer and the first incoming deoxyribonucleotide for an Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand? topoisomerase DNA polymerase III DNA helicase DNA polymerase II DNA ligase Heterogeneous nuclear RNA is typically characterized by which of the following features? it is more common in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes it contains introns, but no exons it contains more exons than introns it contains exons, but no introns it contains more introns than exonsarrow_forwardDNA polymerase occasionally incorporates the wrong nucleotide during DNA replication. If left unrepaired, the base-pair mismatch that results will lead to mutation in the next replication. As part of a template strand, the incorporated wrong base will direct the incorporation of a base complementary to itself, so the bases on both strands of the DNA at that position will now be different from what they were before the mismatch event. The MER-minus strain of yeast does not have a functional mismatch excision repair system, but it has normal base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair systems. Which of the following statements is correct about differences in the mutation spectrum between MER-minus and wildtype yeast? More than one answer is correct. Options: More point mutations will arise in MER-minus yeast. Fewer point mutations will arise in MER-minus yeast as compared with wildtype. Of the total point mutations that…arrow_forwardDuring high stress environments, it has been found that some bacteria activate a genetic mechanism that allows them to incorporate more mutations into the DNA during replication. Would the following two enzymes be impacted by such a mechanism? (i)DNA polymerase IIIii) Helicasearrow_forward
- What factors promote the fidelity of replication during synthesis of the leading strand of DNA? prevention of mismatched nucleotides at the replication fork by topoisomerase Watson-Crick base pairing between the template and leading strand breaks that occur in the leading strand are repaired by DNA ligase removal of the RNA primers between Okazaki fragments by DNA polymerase I removal of wrongly inserted nucleotides by the 3'-exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase IIIarrow_forwardWhat is meant by non-classical DNA-dependent DNA polymerases? What roles do they play in our cells?arrow_forwardHow many times would telomerase have to bind to a different site in the telomere to make a segment of DNA that is 36 nucleotides in length?arrow_forward
- You are studying a colony of cells and determine that some of these cells have a mutated DNA polymerase I that results in loss of function of this enzyme. A) What will the effect of the mutation in DNA polymerase I be on DNA replication? In your answer make sure to describe what would be observed in the leading and lagging strand and explain your reasoning. B) Will this mutation in DNA polymerase I have an impact on another step in DNA replication? In your answer make sure to indicate whether DNA replication will be impacted or not. If it is not, explain why. If it is impacted, then describe the step that is impacted and name the molecule or enzyme involved.arrow_forwardMany of the gene products involved in DNA synthesis were initially defined by studying mutant E. coli strains that could not synthesize DNA. (a) The dnaE gene encodes the a subunit of DNA polymerase III. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene? How could the mutant strain be maintained? (b) The dnaQ gene encodes the e subunit of DNA polymerase. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene?arrow_forwardHow does the enzyme telomerase meet the challenge of replicating the ends of linear chromosomes? It adds a single 5' cap structure that resists degradation by nucleases. It adds numerous GC pairs, which resist hydrolysis and maintain chromosome integrity. It causes specific double-strand DNA breaks that result in blunt ends on both strands. It catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres, compensating for the shortening that could occur during replication without telomerase activity.arrow_forward
- What mechanism was originally proposed as one of the three models for DNA replication? What is the name given to the short stretches of DNA formed on the lagging strand? How can these short fragments be initiated?arrow_forwardWhat is one enzyme that is involved with DNA replication and how would the absence of this enzyme affect replication of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?arrow_forwardHuman Fbh1 helicase is important in the process of DNA replication. When a mutation occurs during the production of Fbh1, the result is a mutant Fbh1 that binds at the replication fork and prevents any helicase protein from attaching to the strand. Based on this information and the image shown, what would happen during DNA replication if this mutant helicase were present? A - Topoisomerase would unwind the DNA and an RNA primer would attach to the DNA molecule and initiate replication. The process would then stop at the blue triangle because helicase is needed to separate the strands of DNA. B - Topoisomerase would unwind the DNA, but then the process would stop at the blue triangle because helicase, the RNA primer, would not be able to attach to the DNA molecule and initiate replication. C - The process would begin at the blue triangle when topoisomerase unwinds the DNA and an RNA primer attaches to the DNA molecule and initiates replication. DNA polymerase would begin the synthesis…arrow_forward
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