Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 6, Problem 26RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
The differences between polar and nonpolar regulatory molecules based on location and action mechanism.
Introduction:
The process of cell signaling is also known as signal transduction. This process is employed by cells in order to communicate with each other as well as their environment. It is a mechanism by which stimuli are transmitted via signaling cascade to the effector molecule. There are numerous types of regulatory molecules which act on their specific target cells.
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Students have asked these similar questions
A) Please explain what a G protein coupled receptor is. Please explain how G protein interacts with this receptor.
B) Please explain the kind of reactions that follow binding a specific ligand to a G protein coupled receptor. What do these reactions do in the cell?
C) How do these reactions work in the cell. What is the function of these reactions in the cell? How do the reactions proceed?
What are g-coupled protein receptors? Explain the role they play in cell physiology.
Ligand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations.
One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below:
1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process.
2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 6 - Describe the distribution of fluid in the body.Ch. 6 - Describe the composition of the extracellular...Ch. 6 - List the subcategories of passive transport and...Ch. 6 - Explain what is meant by simple diffusion and list...Ch. 6 - Prob. 4CPCh. 6 - Prob. 5CPCh. 6 - Explain how the body detects changes in the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 7aCPCh. 6 - Prob. 7bCPCh. 6 - Prob. 7cCP
Ch. 6 - Prob. 8CPCh. 6 - Prob. 9aCPCh. 6 - Prob. 9bCPCh. 6 - Explain the relationship of the resting membrane...Ch. 6 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 6 - Prob. 11CPCh. 6 - Prob. 12CPCh. 6 - The movement of water across a plasma membrane...Ch. 6 - Which of these statements about the facilitated...Ch. 6 - Prob. 3RACh. 6 - Prob. 4RACh. 6 - Blood plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm....Ch. 6 - Prob. 6RACh. 6 - The most important diffusible ion in the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 8RACh. 6 - Prob. 9RACh. 6 - Prob. 10RACh. 6 - Prob. 11RACh. 6 - Prob. 12RACh. 6 - Prob. 13RACh. 6 - Prob. 14RACh. 6 - Which of the following questions regarding second...Ch. 6 - Prob. 16RACh. 6 - Prob. 17RACh. 6 - Compare the resting membrane potential of a neuron...Ch. 6 - Prob. 19RACh. 6 - Prob. 20RACh. 6 - Prob. 21RACh. 6 - Prob. 22RACh. 6 - Using the principles of osmosis, explain why...Ch. 6 - Prob. 24RACh. 6 - Prob. 25RACh. 6 - Prob. 26RACh. 6 - Prob. 27RACh. 6 - Prob. 28RACh. 6 - Prob. 29RACh. 6 - Prob. 30RACh. 6 - Using only the information in this chapter,...Ch. 6 - Prob. 32RACh. 6 - Prob. 33RACh. 6 - Suppose a semipermeable membrane separates two...Ch. 6 - Prob. 35RACh. 6 - Prob. 36RACh. 6 - Use the Nernst equation and the ion concentration...
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- What common features are shared by most cell signaling systems?arrow_forwardWhat are G-protein coupled receptors? How does ligand binding activates GPCR (include in your answer, the types of G-proteins and the second messenger systems involved in the translation of a pharmacological response when a ligand binds to GPCR)?arrow_forwardLigand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations. One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?arrow_forward
- What are G-protein-coupled receptors? Explain their function in regard to how particular regulatorymolecules influence different effector proteins in the membrane.arrow_forwardWhat does the affinity of a binding site for a ligand determine?arrow_forwardCellular signaling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of regulation. Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned 'off', once it has been turned 'on'? A) a protein gets tagged with an ubiqutin group and gets degraded B) a chemical modification occurred on serine, threonine, or tyrosine side chains to turn on/off proteins C) allosteric regulation causes an active site to be hidden D) All of the other answers are correct E) The ligand is prevented from reaching the binding sitearrow_forward
- Estimate the binding affi nity of a ligand for its receptor from the followingdata:arrow_forwardThe G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.arrow_forwardWhat role does phosphorylation of tyrosine residues play in the action of receptor proteins?arrow_forward
- What do the cytoplasmic domain of a G protein-coupled receptor and the adaptor protein in the RTK pathway have in common?arrow_forwardDescribe the process and results of receptor-ligand binding.arrow_forwardContinuous exposure of a Gαs protein coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization. Describe several molecular mechanisms for receptor desensitization. How can a receptor be reset to its original sensitized state? What effect would a mutant receptor lacking serine or threonine phosphorylation sites have on a cell?arrow_forward
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