An Introduction to Thermal Physics
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780201380279
Author: Daniel V. Schroeder
Publisher: Addison Wesley
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Textbook Question
Chapter 5.5, Problem 76P
Seawater has a salinity of 3.5%, meaning that if you boil away a kilogram of seawater, when you’re finished you’ll have 35 g of solids (mostly NaCl) left in the pot. When dissolved, sodium chloride dissociates into separate
- Calculate the osmotic pressure difference between seawater and fresh water. Assume for simplicity that all the dissolved salts in seawater are NaCl.
- If you apply a pressure difference greater than the osmotic pressure to a solution separated from pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane, you get reverse osmosis: a flow a solvent out of the solution. This process can be used to desalinate seawater. Calculate the minimum work required to desalinate one liter of seawater. Discuss some reasons why the actual work required would be greater than the minimum.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Seawater has a salinity of 3.5%, meaning that if you boil away a kilogram of seawater, when you're finished you'll have 35 g of solids (mostly NaCI) left in the pot. When dissolved, sodium chloride dissociates into separate Na+ and CI-ions.
Calculate the osmotic pressure difference between seawater and fresh water. Assume for simplicity that all the dissolved salts in seawater are N aCl.
A water molecule has a diameter of about 0.275 nm. How many hours would it take for a water
molecule to diffuse across the surface of a Starbucks Venti sized cup of coffee whose diameter is
3.8 inches? Assume that coffee is liquid H20 for your calculation. The diffusion coefficient of
H2O in water is 2.26 X 109 m2s
Mercury is the only metal that exists as a liquid (d=13.56 g/cm3) at room temperature. Find the number of moles in 15 mL of mercury.
Chapter 5 Solutions
An Introduction to Thermal Physics
Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 1PCh. 5.1 - Consider the production of ammonia from nitrogen...Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 3PCh. 5.1 - Prob. 4PCh. 5.1 - Consider a fuel cell that uses methane (natural...Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 6PCh. 5.1 - The metabolism of a glucose molecule (see previous...Ch. 5.1 - Derive the thermodynamic identity for G (equation...Ch. 5.1 - Sketch a qualitatively accurate graph of G vs. T...Ch. 5.1 - Suppose you have a mole of water at 25C and...
Ch. 5.1 - Suppose that a hydrogen fuel cell, as described in...Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 12PCh. 5.1 - Prob. 13PCh. 5.1 - Prob. 14PCh. 5.1 - Prob. 15PCh. 5.1 - Prob. 16PCh. 5.1 - Prob. 17PCh. 5.2 - Prob. 18PCh. 5.2 - In the previous section 1 derived the formula...Ch. 5.2 - Prob. 20PCh. 5.2 - Is heat capacity (C) extensive or intensive? What...Ch. 5.2 - Prob. 22PCh. 5.2 - Prob. 23PCh. 5.3 - Go through the arithmetic to verify that diamond...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 25PCh. 5.3 - How can diamond ever be more stable than graphite,...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 27PCh. 5.3 - Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, has two common...Ch. 5.3 - Aluminum silicate, Al2SiO5, has three different...Ch. 5.3 - Sketch qualitatively accurate graphs of G vs. T...Ch. 5.3 - Sketch qualitatively accurate graphs of G vs. P...Ch. 5.3 - The density of ice is 917kg/m3. (a) Use the...Ch. 5.3 - An inventor proposes to make a heat engine using...Ch. 5.3 - Below 0.3 K the Slope of the 3He solid–liquid...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 35PCh. 5.3 - Effect of altitude on boiling water. (a) Use the...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 37PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 38PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 39PCh. 5.3 - The methods of this section can also be applied to...Ch. 5.3 - Suppose you have a liquid (say, water) in...Ch. 5.3 - Ordinarily, the partial pressure of water vapor in...Ch. 5.3 - Assume that the air you exhale is at 35C, with a...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 44PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 46PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 47PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 48PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 49PCh. 5.3 - The compression factor of a fluid is defined as...Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 51PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 52PCh. 5.3 - Repeat the preceding problem for T/Tc=0.8.Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 54PCh. 5.3 - Prob. 55PCh. 5.4 - Prove that the entropy of mixing of an ideal...Ch. 5.4 - In this problem you will model the mixing energy...Ch. 5.4 - Suppose you cool a mixture of 50% nitrogen and 50%...Ch. 5.4 - Suppose you start with a liquid mixture of 60%...Ch. 5.4 - Suppose you need a tank of oxygen that is 95%...Ch. 5.4 - Prob. 62PCh. 5.4 - Everything in this section assumes that the total...Ch. 5.4 - Figure 5.32 shows the phase diagram of plagioclase...Ch. 5.4 - Prob. 65PCh. 5.4 - Prob. 66PCh. 5.4 - Prob. 67PCh. 5.4 - Plumbers solder is composed of 67% lead and 33%...Ch. 5.4 - What happens when you spread salt crystals over an...Ch. 5.4 - What happens when you add salt to the ice bath in...Ch. 5.4 - Figure 5.35 (left) shows the free energy curves at...Ch. 5.4 - Repeat the previous problem for the diagram in...Ch. 5.5 - If expression 5.68 is correct, it must be...Ch. 5.5 - Prob. 74PCh. 5.5 - Compare expression 5.68 for the Gibbs free energy...Ch. 5.5 - Seawater has a salinity of 3.5%, meaning that if...Ch. 5.5 - Osmotic pressure measurements can be used to...Ch. 5.5 - Because osmotic pressures can be quite large, you...Ch. 5.5 - Most pasta recipes instruct you to add a teaspoon...Ch. 5.5 - Use the Clausius–Clapeyron relation to derive...Ch. 5.5 - Prob. 81PCh. 5.5 - Use the result of the previous problem to...Ch. 5.6 - Prob. 83PCh. 5.6 - Prob. 84PCh. 5.6 - Prob. 85PCh. 5.6 - Prob. 86PCh. 5.6 - Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, readily dissociates into H+...Ch. 5.6 - Prob. 88PCh. 5.6 - Prob. 89PCh. 5.6 - When solid quartz dissolves in water, it combines...Ch. 5.6 - When carbon dioxide dissolves in water,...Ch. 5.6 - Prob. 92P
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
What is the difference between matter in the phases of solid, liquid, and gas? What is vaporization? Distinguis...
Life in the Universe (4th Edition)
9. An airplane propeller is rotating at 1900 rpm. (a) Compute the propeller’s angular velocity in rad/s. (b) Ho...
College Physics (10th Edition)
Determine if approximate cylindrical symmetry holds for the following situations. State why or why not. (a) A 3...
University Physics Volume 2
Find the acceleration of the body of mass 5.0 kg shown below.
University Physics Volume 1
94. In your room are things such as tables, chairs, and other people. Which of these things has a temperature (...
Conceptual Physical Science (6th Edition)
The proper functioning of certain optical devices (e.g., optical fibers and spectrometers) requires that the in...
Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- On a hot summer day, the density of air at atmospheric pressure at 35.0C is 1.1455 kg/m3. a. What is the number of moles contained in 1.00 m3 of an ideal gas at this temperature and pressure? b. Avogadros number of air molecules has a mass of 2.85 102 kg. What is the mass of 1.00 m3 of air? c. Does the value calculated in part (b) agree with the stated density of air at this temperature?arrow_forwardA cylinder with a piston holds 0.50 m3 of oxygen at an absolute pressure of 4.0 atm. The piston is pulled outward, increasing the volume of the gas until the pressure drops to 1.0 atm. If the temperature stays constant, what new volume does the gas occupy? (a) 1.0 m3 (b) 1.5 m3 (c) 2.0 m3 (d) 0.12 m3 (e) 2.5 m3arrow_forwardHow many moles are there in (a) 0.0500 g of N2 gas (M = 28.0 g/mol)? (b) 10.0 g of CO2 gas (M = 44.0 g/mol)? (c) How many molecules are present in each case?arrow_forward
- Nitrogen, the most abundant gas in the atmosphere (78%), is not necessary in the cardiovascular system and it causes no harm under typical atmospheric conditions. For instance, at standard atmospheric pressure nitrogen can absorb into your skin. This is not an issue until you dive underwater. Henry's Law (chemistry) states that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the gas' partial pressure. When the partial pressure of nitrogen increases, it will be absorbed into the blood stream. This is not particularly dangerous, although it can lead to a pleasant feeling called "nitrogen narcosis" in some people. The real danger is when the diver resurfaces. When the diver begins to ascend, the partial pressure of nitrogen decreases and nitrogen comes out of solution as small bubbles of gas in the bloodstream. The buildup of nitrogen can be removed from the body by passing nitrogen through the bloodstream and into the lungs where it is exhaled. However, this…arrow_forwardGold has a molar mass of 197 g/mol. (a) How many moles of gold are in a 1.09 g sample of pure gold? (b) How many atoms are in the sample? (a) Number Units (b) Number Unitsarrow_forwardLet us consider a bacterial cell that depends on chemical reactions using oxygen to produce energy. The cell needs to obtain molecular oxygen from the extra-cellular medium by diffusion through the cell membrane. We model the cell as a water-filled sphere of radius 1 µm. This means that we neglect the presence of the internal structures of the cell: nucleus, nutrients, etc. The oxygen diffusion coefficient (O2) in water at 25°C is 1.0x10-5 cm².s'. Figure 1: Transmission electron microscope Reminder: The distance travelled by diffusion can be picture of a bacterium. [from Wikipedia: written as L(t) = V6Dt, where D is the diffusion coefficient and t the diffusion time. "Transmission Electron Microscopy"| 2. Diffusion as a function of time People have measured the distance travelled by the oxygen molecule in water as a function of time. The results are given in the table below. 0.1 t(s) L (x10-“m) log1o(t) log10(L) 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 2.45 5.4 7.7 17.3 25.5 Draw the plot of L as a…arrow_forward
- Assume that air consists of 80% N₂ and 20% O2 by mole. What is the approximate mass of 1 mole of air, i.e. its molar mass? 30 g/mol 29 g/mol 28 g/mol 31 g/mol 32 g/molarrow_forwardCalculate the osmotic pressure of 25% of the urea solution at a temperature of (37 °C). R = 0.0821 L atm. K-1. mol-',(60g / mol) je 9.323 atm 10.567 atm 1.263 Pa 9.323 Pa 10.567 Paarrow_forward275 mL of an aqueous solution containing 0.870 g of an unknown molecular compound generates an osmotic pressure of 2.52 atm at 20.0°C. What is the molar mass of the unknown compound? Group of answer choices 46.6 g/mol 171 g/mol 30.2 g/mol 23.3 g/mol 34.0 g/mol23arrow_forward
- Your roommate is having trouble understanding why solids form. He asks, “Why would atoms bond into solids rather than just floating freely with respect to each other?” To help him understand at least one type of bonding in solids, you decide to embark on an energy explanation. You show him a drawing of a primitive cell of a sodium chloride crystal, NaCl, or simple table salt. The drawing is shown, where the orange spheres are Na+ ions and the blue spheres are Cl- ions. Each ion has a charge of magnitude equal to the elementary charge e. The ions lie on the corners of a cube of side d. You explain to your roommate that the electrical potential energy is defined as zero when all eight charges are infinitely far apart from each other. Then you bring them together to form the crystal structure shown. (a) Evaluate the electric potential energy of the crystal as shown and (b) show that it is energetically favorable for such crystals to form.arrow_forwardA semi-permeable membrane separates the contents of cell. The concentration of sodium ions is 2 mol mol L'atm outside of the cell and 2.6 L L inside of the cell. The ideal gas constant R = 8.206×10 and room temperature is about 20°C or 293 K. -2 K-mol (a) Determine the osmotic pressure (in atm) and the tonicity of the solution surrounding a cell with radius of 0.008 mm at room temperature. П= 4.8074 ✓ atmarrow_forwardIn an electrochemical cell, a metal anode lost 0.287 g while a total volume of 0.04651 L of hydrogen gas was produced. The temperature was 298 K and the barometric pressure was 765.9 mm Hg. At 298 K, the vapor pressure of water is 23.8 mm Hg. What is the molar mass of the metal?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations...PhysicsISBN:9781133939146Author:Katz, Debora M.Publisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Physics: A Calculus-Based TextPhysicsISBN:9781133104261Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage Learning
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Foundations...
Physics
ISBN:9781133939146
Author:Katz, Debora M.
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
Physics
ISBN:9781133104261
Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher:Cengage Learning
The Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8N1BxHgsoOw;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY