Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 48.1, Problem 3CC
WHAT IF? → How might increased branching of an axon help coordinate responses to signals communicated by the nervous system?
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Short FRQ
The figure below illustrates a generic model of neurotransmitter secretion and reception
across a synapse.
receptor
axon-
vesicle
presynaptic
neuron
B
synaptic space
Respond in complete sentences.
postsynaptic
neuron
A model of chemical signaling across a synapse.
(b) Explain the direction of the nerve impulse.
nerve impulse
(a) Describe the structure of the neuron synapse using proper vocabulary.
transporter
-neuro
transmitter
-dendrite
Consider the circuit from Q5 (above). We want to add another inhibitory neuron to this circuit to increase the likelihood that neuron D will have an action potential. With which cell (A, B, C or D) should our new inhibitory neuron make a synapse to make it more likely that the post - synaptic neuron will have anaction potential?The diagram below shows a simple neural circuit with three pre - synaptic cells labelled 'A', 'B' and 'C', and a post - synaptic cell labelled 'D ' (see image below). Assume neurons A and B each have outputs of +2 and neuron C has output of -1.
READ: They key to large-scale communication in the entire nervous system is the ability to pass nerve
impulses on a small scale from one neuron to the next so that signals can be transmitted throughout the
entire body. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, and is the critical space that mediates
the transfer of a signal from the presynaptic neuron (the sender) to the postsynaptic neuron (the receiver)
or even an effector cell (like a gland or muscle cell.) You circled a synapse in Model 1. Synapses can be
electrical or chemical. Electrical synapses transmit electrical signals via gap junctions. A channel protein
connects the cytoplasm
of two adjacent neurons so that ions can flow directly from one cell to another to
pass on the signal. However, the most common type of synapse is a chemical synapse. These utilize
chemical signals, called neurotransmitters, to transmit the signal across the synaptic cleft. This is a
slower process, but allows for much greater precision…
Chapter 48 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 48.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 48.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 48.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cell's membrane potential...Ch. 48.2 - MAKE CONNECTiONS Review Figure 7.10, which...Ch. 48.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 48.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 48.3 - How do both negative and positive feedback...Ch. 48.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.4 - Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the...Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 48 - How would severing an axon affect the flow of...Ch. 48 - Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a...Ch. 48 - Prob. 48.3CRCh. 48 - Prob. 48.4CRCh. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? (A)...Ch. 48 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is the most direct result...Ch. 48 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 48 - WHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 48 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 48 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION An action potential is an...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 48 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYU
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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/summation) to learn about summation. The process of converting electrical signals to chemical signals and back requires subtle changes that can result in transient increases or decreases in membrane voltage. To cause a lasting change in the target cell, multiple signals are usually added together, or summated. Does spatial summation have to happen all at once, or can the separate signals arrive on the postsynaptic neuron at slightly different times? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardQ4.1. The image below shows a neuron's response to a medium-intensity stimulus. Which of the options underneath it correctly shows a signal for a weaker stimulus? Time (ms) 60 Time (ms) Time (ms) 60 Time (ms) Time ms) 60arrow_forwardExplain in few sentences !! how a neuron can repair itself. What increases the likelihood of repair; what decreases the likelihood of repair? If repair is not possible, what other options are possible to innervate the effector organ?arrow_forward
- repeatedly stimulated, and recordings are made of the response. What effect would you expect to observe? Hint: think 3) What response would you predict in a post-synaptic cell in the above situation? Follow directions and answer the following questions: A drug that blocks ATPase enzymes (enzymes that hydrolyze ATP) is introduced into a neuron. The neuron is then 1) What is the effect of AP frequency on the amount of transmitter released at the terminal? Activity 8: Synaptic Transmission at Axon Termines Apply Your Knowledge of the role of the Na+/K+ ATPase in the physiology of a neuron.arrow_forwardHow does a postsynaptic cell undergo long-term potentiation or depression? •The receptors can be made more sensitive or less sensitive through post-translational modification (phosphorylation, ubiquitination, palmitoylation, etc) •The number of receptors can be increased by translating more of the relevant protein or proteins, or by transporting existing receptors to the synapses •The receptors can be made less numerous by removing them from the synapse •all of the above Need answer in short asap!!arrow_forwardIon channel-coupled receptors • G-protein-coupled receptors • Enzyme-linked receptors • Briefly describe what a G-protein is (explain by using the words GTPase, GTP and GDT) • Briefly describe how a G-protein-coupled receptor for the signal / information further into • Briefly describe how an enzyme-linked receptor carries the signal / information further into the cell.arrow_forward
- The correlation between neurons can explain the basis of the synaptic modification, that is, how much they can connect to each other or if they are not synchronized, how much they can lose or weaken their connections. • Draw a picture of an excitatory synapse such as glutamatergic with its receptors between the pre- and postsynaptic neuron. • Briefly explain what mechanisms involve neuronal plasticity and why synapses are enhanced or weakened.arrow_forwardWHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some cultures topoison hunting arrows, disables the sodium-potassium pump.What change in the resting potential would you expect to seeif you treated a neuron with ouabain? Explain.arrow_forwardPlease ASAP. Thanku If one increases the intracellular concentration of Na+ around a neuron, what would happen to the resting membrane potential? Ion Extracellular Concentration (mM) Intracellular Concentration (mM) Na+ 440 50 K+ 20 400 Cl- 560 52 Ca++ 10 1 I am not sure No effect Becomes more positive Less positivearrow_forward
- . Describe the series of event that occurs as an electrical signal in the presynaptic neuron is converted to a chemical signal and then back again to an electrical signal.arrow_forwardSTAC: The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition proposed in 2009 is a conceptual model of neuroimaging to explain how the combined effects of adverse and compensatory neutral processe produce varying levels of cognitive function. [ P QUESTION 22 Which one is not the best way to describe necessary "threshold" as "sensitivity" declines with age? Individuals with lower sensitivity also have a lower threshold or tolerance for stimulation. O As sensitivity goes down, the threshold must be higher to compensate. Individuals with a low-sensitivity, need more stimulation than people with high-sensitivity. none of the above QUESTION 23arrow_forwardF B D Match the labelled synapse structure with the correct structure or function. Place the correct number in each blank. Use each letter only once. • Synaptic vesicle containing the neurotransmitters Postsynaptic membrane of the dendrite • Synaptic cleft Receptor site for the neurotransmitter on the dendrite Axon terminal Mitochondria, which supply ATP for synthesis of transmittersarrow_forward
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