Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The diagram of the chromosomes of the parents, the hybrid, and the tester.
Introduction: Crossover or synapsis in Meiosis is where the ends of the homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information in the form of alleles to create various genetic combinations.
b.
To determine: The diagram of the crossover necessary to produce the desired genotype.
Introduction: In genetic algorithms and evolutionary computation, crossover, also called recombination, is a genetic operator used to combine the genetic information of two parents to generate new offspring.
c.
To determine: The percentage of the testcross progeny will be of the phenotype that she needs.
Introduction: A test cross, first introduced by Gregor Mendel, involves the breeding of an individual with a phenotypically recessive individual, to determine the zygosity of the former by analyzing proportions of offspring
d.
To determine: The assumptions that can be made
Introduction: Genetic recombination is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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Introduction to Genetic Analysis
- A plant geneticist is examining the mode of inheritance of flower color in two closely related species of exotic plants. The first species may have two pure-breeding lines—one produces a distinct red flower; and the other produces flowers with no color at all, or very pale yellow flowers. However, she cannot be sure. A cross of these varieties produces all pink-flowered progeny. The second species exhibits similar pure-breeding varieties; that is, one variety produces red flowers; and the other produces an albino or very pale yellow flower. A cross of these two varieties, however, produces orange-flowered progeny exclusively. Analyze the mode of inheritance of flower color in these two plant species.arrow_forwardFine spines (s), smooth fruit (tu), and uniform fruit color (u) are three recessive traits in cucumbers. A cucumber plant heterozygous for all three traits is used in a test cross, and the following progeny are produced from this test cross. Type Number SU TU su Tu Su Tu su tu SU tu s U tu s U Tu Su tu TOTAL 2 70 21 4 82 21 13 17 230 Identify the order of the genes on the chromosome:arrow_forwardA purple snow pea plant known to be hybrid for three linked genes (a, b, and d) is testcrossed. The progeny phenotypes and frequencies are: +a+ 86 b+d 56 +ad 78 b++ 49 +++ 12 bad 6 ba+ 515 ++d 460 a) Draw the chromosomes of the trihybrid and tester lined mentioned above. b) Give a map of the gene order with distance.arrow_forward
- A geneticist has two true-breeding strains of mice. Each strain is homozygous for an independently discovered dominant mutation that causes the mice to have no fur. One mutant strain is called “hairless”, and the other strain is called “naked”. The geneticist crosses hairless and naked mice with each other and the F1 offspring all have no fur. When the F1 mice are crossed with each other, the offspring consist of 187 mutant mice with without fur and 13 normal mice with fur. a. Are the “hairless” and “naked” mutations alleles of the same gene? Give a reason for your answer. b. Give the genotypic and associated phenotypic ratios of the F2 offspring. (which genotypes in the offspring of the F1 x F1 cross produce fur and which genotypes produce no fur). In another strain of mice, coat colour is controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles in a dominance series where cream (A1) > agouti (A2) > brown (A3) > black (A4). c. Give the genotypes of two phenotypically…arrow_forwardMendel obtained his initial pea plant varieties from local breeders who were developing new varieties that might be useful or interesting. To generate these new varieties, breeders formed hybrids between existing varieties of different phenotypic characteristics by cross pollination, using techniques they doubtless taught to Mendel. After producing a hybrid, they allowed several generations of self-pollination, as happens naturally if the flowers are not disturbed. a. How many generations would it take for a breeder to have produced new pure-breeding varieties using this approach? i. First, consider just one heterozygous gene in the F1 hybrid. What is the probability that an individual of the F2 generation would be heterozygous for that gene? ii. What is the probability that an individual in the F3 generation would be heterozygous for this gene? iii. What is the probability that an individual in the F10 generation would be heterozygous for this gene? iv. What is the…arrow_forwardMendel obtained his initial pea plant varieties from local breeders who were developing new varieties that might be useful or interesting. To generate these new varieties, breeders formed hybrids between existing varieties of different phenotypic characteristics by cross pollination, using techniques they doubtless taught to Mendel. After producing a hybrid, they allowed several generations of self-pollination, as happens naturally if the flowers are not disturbed. a. How many generations would it take for a breeder to have produced new pure-breeding varieties using this approach? b. What is the probability that an individual in each of these generations (F2, F3, and F10) would be homozygous for one or the other allele of this gene?arrow_forward
- In corn (Zea mays), the wild type trait is for kernels to be round; some kernels are shrunken (S), which is caused by recessive, mutant alleles of various genes. You obtain five strains of corn with shrunken kernels, and conduct pairwise crosses between all five strains (1x1, 1x2, 1,3, etc). The results are summarized in the matrix below: if the offspring have the wild type trait, round, then they are represented with a "+"; if the offspring have the trait caused by recessive, mutant alleles, shrunken, they are marked with "S" 1 2 3 4 5 1 S 2 + S 3 + 4 5 + S S S S S S + + + S a. How many total genes are represented by these five strains? Explain your answer. b. Which of the five strains represent the same genes? (how can they be grouped, if at all). Explain your answer.arrow_forwardE. W. Lindstrom crossed two corn plants with green seedlings and obtained the following progeny: 3583 green seedlings, 853 virescentwhite seedlings, and 260 yellow seedlings . Q. Give the genotypes for the green, virescent-white, and yellow progeny.arrow_forwardIn a testcross of a corn plant heterozygous for 3 linked, recessive genes (a, b, & d), the following phenotypes & numbers of progeny were obtained (total progeny is 1000). Choose the map that best fits the data. A) A --2.7-- D --4.2-- B B) A --2.4-- D --2-- B C) A --4.2-- B --2.7-- D D) A --4.2-- D --2.7--B E) A --2-- B --2.4-- D F) A --2.7-- B --4.2-- Darrow_forward
- A geneticist discovers an obese mouse in his laboratory colony. He breeds this obese mouse with a normal mouse. All the F1 mice from this cross are all normal in size. When he interbreeds two F1 mice, eight of the F2 mice are normal in size and two are obese. The geneticist then intercrosses two of his obese mice, and he finds that all of the progeny from this cross are obese. These results lead the geneticist to conclude that obesity in mice results from a recessive allele. A second geneticist at a different university also discovers an obese mouse in her laboratory colony. She carries out the same crosses as the first geneticist did and obtains the same results. She also concludes that obesity in mice results from a recessive allele. One day the two geneticists meet at a genetics conference, learn of each other’s experiments, and decide to exchange mice. They both find that when they cross two obese mice from the different laboratories, all the offspring are normal, but when they…arrow_forwardThe gene 'aggregate' (ag) is located 4 map units from gene blotched (bl). You are going to collect 1000 offspring. a. How many offspring of the 1000 you collect would you expect to be recombinant from a heterozygous ag+ag/ bl+bl and a homozygous recessive aggregate/blotched cross? b. If ag and bl are linked, what genotypes would represent the largest number of offspringarrow_forwardIn roses, purple flower color is determined by the dominant P allele, while pp homozygotes are white. The presence of long stems is determined by the dominant S allele, while ss homozygotes have short stems. Both mutations are completely penetrant. A test cross was performed between a rose plant of unknown genotype with a white flowered, short stemmed rose plant (pp ss) and the following 200 progeny plants were obtained: 84 white flowers, long stems 16 purple flowers, long stems 82 purple flowers, short stems 18 white flowers, short stems Select the statements below that are TRUE. Select 2 correct answer(s) The P and S genes independently assort during meiosis. The map distance between P and S is 17 CM. The genotype of the progeny plants with purple flowers and short stems is PP ss. The map distance between P and S is 83 CM. The homologs in the plant with unknown genotype are p S and Ps. The homologs in the plant with unknown genotype are PS and p s.arrow_forward
- Concepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College