Concept explainers
To determine: The reason why there are seven classes and the number of ways that have an individual learned for classifying tetrads generally.
Introduction: The use of tetrad analysis in modern genetics is based on the fact that any pair of allelic genes yields a division of 2:2 in tetrads. In some experiments, deviations from this division have been observed. When these deviations are infrequent, they may be detected and studied solely utilizing tetrad analysis.
To determine: The classifications that can be applied to both linear and unordered tetrads, also apply these classifications to the tetrads in this problem.
Introduction: Unordered tetrads require the presence of three genetic markers, and two of them must be different chromosomes to be able to calculate gene and centromere distances.
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Introduction to Genetic Analysis
- Neurospora of genotype a + c are crossed withNeurospora of genotype + b +. (Here, + is shorthandfor the wild-type allele.) The following tetrads areobtained (note that the genotype of the four sporepairs in an ascus are listed, rather than listing alleight spores):a + c a b c + + c + b c a b + a + ca + c a b c a + c a b c a b + a b c+ b + + + + + b + + + + + + c + + ++ b + + + + a b + a + + + + c + b +137 141 26 25 2 3a. In how many cells has meiosis occurred to yieldthese data?b. Give the best genetic map to explain these results.Indicate all relevant genetic distances, both betweengenes and between each gene and the centromere.c. Diagram a meiosis that could give rise to oneof the three tetrads in the class at the far right inthe listarrow_forwardIn the figure below, black and pink lines are used to represent nonhomologous chromosomes. Which of the figures matches the following descriptions? More than one diagram may correspond to any one statement, and a diagram may be a correct answer for more than one question. 1) Gametes produced by a reciprocal translocation heterozygote: 2) Genetically balanced gametes produced by a reciprocal translocation heterozygote:arrow_forwardwhat is A tetrad?arrow_forward
- Explain the Rules for Tetrad Analysis?arrow_forwardYou would like to create new hybrid strains between various cereal grains of different ploidies. Which of the following crosses will yield a fertile hybrid? Select all correct answers. (note that tri=3, tetra=4, penta=5, hexa= 6, and octa=8) 0 0 0 0 pentaploid X triploid tetraploid X diploid octaploid X diploid hexaploid X diploidarrow_forwardhis-l and lys-3 are alleles found in baker's yeast that require histidine and lysine for growth, respectively. A cross was made between two haploid yeasts that are his-1 lys-3 and his lys". From the analysis of 900 individual tetrads, the following numbers of tetrads were obtained: GI: 2 spores are his-1 lys* +2 spores are his* lys-3 = 8 G2: 2 spores are his-1 lys-3+ 2 spores are his* lys* = 512 G3: 1 spore is his-1 lys-3 +1 spore is his-1 lys + 1 spore is his lys-3+ 1 spore is his" lys = 380 (i) Name the ascus type of each group as P, NP or T. (ii) Are the genes linked? Explain your answer. (iii) If the genes are linked, calculate the distance between the genes.arrow_forward
- Consider this four-factor cross: Tt Rr yy Aa × Tt RR Yy aa, whereT = tall, t = dwarf, R = round, r = wrinkled, Y = yellow, y = green,A = axial, a = terminal. What is the probability that the first three plantswill have round seeds? What is the easiest way to solve this problem?arrow_forwardWhat is a homologous pair (also called a tetrad)?arrow_forwardSeedless watermelons that you find in the supermarketare triploids, where x = 11.a. At what frequency are balanced gametes generatedby triploid watermelons?b. What is the probability that a particular seed in atriploid watermelon will be viable? (Recall that aviable seed is a euploid zygote.)c. What is the ploidy of the viable seed in part (b)?More than one answer may applyarrow_forward
- In an electrophoretic gel across which is applied a powerful electrical alternating pulsed field, the DNA of the haploid fungus Neurospora crassa (n = 7) moves slowly but eventually forms seven bands, which represent DNA fractions that are of different sizes and hence have moved at different speeds. These bands are presumed to be the seven chromosomes. How would you show which band corresponds to which chromosome?arrow_forwardHow many different genes are we looking for in each gamete? In other words, how many characters are we evaluating?arrow_forwardWhat does the expression linear octad analysis mean?arrow_forward
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