a.
To determine: The genotypes of the parental lines.
Introduction. Recombination is the process that is exclusive to the meiotic division as it allows the exchange of genetic material between the non-homologous chromosomes. The recombination process is responsible for the shuffling of the characters and producing a zygote that is different from both the parents but has the chromosomes from both the parents.
b.
To determine: The linkage map for the three genes.
Introduction. The process of
c.
To determine: The interference value of the linked genes.
Introduction. The process of DNA replication is the process by which the genetic material of the organism copies itself to be distributed among the daughter cells during cell division. The DNA replication takes place before the cell division and prepares the cell for mitosis and meiosis. This process is followed by transcription and translation.
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Introduction to Genetic Analysis
- In one of Mendel’s dihybrid crosses, he observed315 round, yellow; 108 round, green; 101 wrinkled,yellow; and 32 wrinkled, green F2 plants. Analyze thesedata using the x2 test to see if(a) they fit a 9:3:3:1 ratio.(b) the round:wrinkled data fit a 3:1 ratio.(c) the yellow:green data fit a 3:1 ratio.arrow_forwardA cross was made between two strains of plants that are agriculturallyimportant. One strain was disease-resistant but herbicide-sensitive;the other strain was disease-sensitive but herbicide-resistant. Aplant breeder crossed the two plants and then allowed the F1 generation to self-fertilize. The following data were obtained:F1 generation: All offspring are disease-sensitive andherbicide-resistantF2 generation: 157 disease-sensitive, herbicide-resistant57 disease-sensitive, herbicide-sensitive54 disease-resistant, herbicide-resistant20 disease-resistant, herbicide-sensitiveTotal: 288Formulate a hypothesis that you think is consistent with the observeddata. Test the goodness of fit between the data and your hypothesisusing a chi square test. Explain what the chi square results meanarrow_forwardREad and analyzed the following genetic problem. Show complete solution (Genotypes of P, Punnet Square and GR,PR). 1. In the garden peas, green pod color is dominant over yellow pods. Also, round seed shape is dominant over wrinkled seed. Cross fertilization was done between a pea that is homozygous dominant for pod color with heterozygous round shape and another pea that is heterozygous for both pod color and seed shape. Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of teh offspring.arrow_forward
- J.W. McKay crossed a stock (true-breeding) melon plant that produced tan seeds with a plant that only produced red seeds and obtained the following results (J.W. McKay. 1936. Journal of Heredity 27:110-112). Cross F1 F2 Tan x red 13 tan 93 tan, 24 red a) Explain the inheritance of tan seeds and red seeds in this plant. b) Assign symbols for the alleles in this cross and draw out the Punnett Squares for the initial cross and the F1 cross.arrow_forwardA purple snow pea plant known to be hybrid for three linked genes (a, b, and d) is testcrossed. The progeny phenotypes and frequencies are: +a+ 86 b+d 56 +ad 78 b++ 49 +++ 12 bad 6 ba+ 515 ++d 460 a) Draw the chromosomes of the trihybrid and tester lined mentioned above. b) Give a map of the gene order with distance.arrow_forwardIn corn (Zea mays), the wild type trait is for kernels to be round; some kernels are shrunken (S), which is caused by recessive, mutant alleles of various genes. You obtain five strains of corn with shrunken kernels, and conduct pairwise crosses between all five strains (1x1, 1x2, 1,3, etc). The results are summarized in the matrix below: if the offspring have the wild type trait, round, then they are represented with a "+"; if the offspring have the trait caused by recessive, mutant alleles, shrunken, they are marked with "S" 1 2 3 4 5 1 S 2 + S 3 + 4 5 + S S S S S S + + + S a. How many total genes are represented by these five strains? Explain your answer. b. Which of the five strains represent the same genes? (how can they be grouped, if at all). Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- A geneticist has two true-breeding strains of mice. Each strain is homozygous for an independently discovered dominant mutation that causes the mice to have no fur. One mutant strain is called “hairless”, and the other strain is called “naked”. The geneticist crosses hairless and naked mice with each other and the F1 offspring all have no fur. When the F1 mice are crossed with each other, the offspring consist of 187 mutant mice with without fur and 13 normal mice with fur. a. Are the “hairless” and “naked” mutations alleles of the same gene? Give a reason for your answer. b. Give the genotypic and associated phenotypic ratios of the F2 offspring. (which genotypes in the offspring of the F1 x F1 cross produce fur and which genotypes produce no fur). In another strain of mice, coat colour is controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles in a dominance series where cream (A1) > agouti (A2) > brown (A3) > black (A4). c. Give the genotypes of two phenotypically…arrow_forwardTwo true-breeding varieties of maize, one 11 cm high and the other 47 cm high were crossed and the resultant F1 hybrids were then crossed to generate the F2 . In the F2 there were a total of 13,923 plants with a continuous variation in heights between the two extremes and with only 3 plants as large as 47 cm high and 5 plants of 11 cm high. a) How many i) genes and ii) how many alleles are involved in determining height in this plant? b) What is the contribution of each dominant allele to the phenotype in cm? c) What would be the size and genotype of the F1 from a cross between a true-breeding 11 cm plant and a true-breeding 47 cm plant? d) The F1 from (b) is then crossed to give an F2. What proportion would you expect in the F2 of each extreme phenotype?e) In a cross between a 29cm plant and a 20cm plant what would be the genotypes giving the smallest number of different phenotypes? specify the phenotypes observed.arrow_forwardTwo true-breeding varieties of maize, one 11 cm high and the other 47 cm high were crossed and the resultant F1 hybrids were then crossed to generate the F2 . In the F2 there were a total of 13,923 plants with a continuous variation in heights between the two extremes and with only 3 plants as large as 47 cm high and 5 plants of 11 cm high. a) How many i) genes and ii) how many alleles are involved in determining height in this plant? b) What is the contribution of each dominant allele to the phenotype in cm? c) What would be the size and genotype of the F1 from a cross between a true-breeding 11 cm plant and a true-breeding 47 cm plant? d) The F1 from (b) is then crossed to give an F2. What proportion would you expect in the F2 of each extreme phenotype? e) In a cross between a 29cm plant and a 20cm plant what would be the genotypes giving the smallest number of different phenotypes? specify the phenotypes observed. Please answer the following problem & EXPLAIN your answer…arrow_forward
- Mendel obtained his initial pea plant varieties from local breeders who were developing new varieties that might be useful or interesting. To generate these new varieties, breeders formed hybrids between existing varieties of different phenotypic characteristics by cross pollination, using techniques they doubtless taught to Mendel. After producing a hybrid, they allowed several generations of self-pollination, as happens naturally if the flowers are not disturbed. a. How many generations would it take for a breeder to have produced new pure-breeding varieties using this approach? b. What is the probability that an individual in each of these generations (F2, F3, and F10) would be homozygous for one or the other allele of this gene?arrow_forwardMendel obtained his initial pea plant varieties from local breeders who were developing new varieties that might be useful or interesting. To generate these new varieties, breeders formed hybrids between existing varieties of different phenotypic characteristics by cross pollination, using techniques they doubtless taught to Mendel. After producing a hybrid, they allowed several generations of self-pollination, as happens naturally if the flowers are not disturbed. a. How many generations would it take for a breeder to have produced new pure-breeding varieties using this approach? i. First, consider just one heterozygous gene in the F1 hybrid. What is the probability that an individual of the F2 generation would be heterozygous for that gene? ii. What is the probability that an individual in the F3 generation would be heterozygous for this gene? iii. What is the probability that an individual in the F10 generation would be heterozygous for this gene? iv. What is the…arrow_forwardAssume that three loci, each with two alleles (A and a, B and b, C and c), determine the difference in height between two homozygous strains of a plant. These genes are additive and equal in their effects on plant height. One strain (aa bb cc) is 10 cm in height. The other strain (AA BB CC) is 22 cm in height. The two strains are crossed, and the resulting F1 are interbred to produce F2 progeny. Give the phenotypes and the expected proportions of the F2 progeny.arrow_forward
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