Chapter 3, Problem 3.5P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybrid orbital that will result from the interaction shown is to be derived. Whether the resulting orbital will be different from the ones shown in Figures 3-9a and 3-9b is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Orbitals from the same atom can mix to form two or more hybrid orbitals. The number of hybrid orbitals formed is the same as the number of orbitals that mix. When an s and a p orbital mix, they form two hybrid orbitals, oriented at $180°$. An s orbital has the same phase everywhere. A p orbital, on the other hand, has different phases in the two lobes. Therefore, when an s and a p orbitals mix, they produce hybrid orbitals with unequal lobes. Mixing of the lobe with the same sign as the s orbital leads to constructive interference, increasing the size of the lobe. The other lobe of p orbital has an opposite phase; therefore, its mixing leads to destructive interference on that side. The size of the lobe on this side is smaller than the other lobe. The other hybrid orbital is formed by overlap of the s orbital with the p orbital of reversed phases.