Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 25, Problem 2TQ
Summary Introduction
To review :
Modification of Koch’s postulates that proves that a bacterial gene is a virulence factor.
Introduction:
Koch’s postulates state that in everycase of a disease, there must be an organism that has caused it. This organism must be propagated in pure culture, it must cause the same disease when introduced in a new individual as it was producing in the earlier ones, and it must be recovered from the newly diseased host.
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Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases.
a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent.
b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be.
c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease.
d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted.
e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…
Below are a list of virulence factors/ strategies paired with an example of an organism that utilizes them. How do each of the following strategies contribute to the virulence of the pathogen?
Strategy - Causes the host to produce more receptors (Organism - Rhinovirus)
Strategy - Produces gas as a product of fermentation (Organism - Clostridium perfringens)
Strategy - Produces a capsule (organism - Klebsiella pneumonia)
Strategy - Ability to move between adjacent cells (organism - Cytomegalovirus)
Strategy - Ability to use pilus as a motility structure (organism - Pseudomonas aerogenosa)
Why must the top agar be supplemented with maltose?
A) Maltose allows for binding of the phage to the E. Coli and aids in the infection process
B) Maltose helps stabilize the phage within the media
Chapter 25 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 2TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 3TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 4TQCh. 25.5 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 2TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 3TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 4TQ
Ch. 25.7 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25 - Prob. 1RQCh. 25 - Prob. 2RQCh. 25 - Prob. 3RQCh. 25 - Prob. 4RQCh. 25 - Prob. 5RQCh. 25 - Prob. 6RQCh. 25 - Prob. 7RQCh. 25 - Prob. 8RQCh. 25 - Prob. 9RQCh. 25 - Prob. 10RQCh. 25 - Prob. 11RQCh. 25 - Prob. 12RQCh. 25 - Prob. 13RQCh. 25 - Prob. 14RQCh. 25 - Prob. 15RQCh. 25 - Prob. 16RQCh. 25 - Prob. 17RQCh. 25 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25 - Prob. 2TQCh. 25 - Prob. 3TQCh. 25 - Prob. 4TQCh. 25 - Prob. 5TQ
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- Why is it incorrect to say that bacteria produce toxins to harm their host?arrow_forwardWhy are Koch’s postulates not sufficient to establish the cause of all infectious diseases?arrow_forwardIn the early 1900s, cities such as Philadelphia reduced the incidence of typhoid fever by: Question 1 options: A) isolating human carriers. B) using tertiary water treatment systems. C) filtering municipal drinking water through sand-bed filters. D) requiring residents to boil drinking water.arrow_forward
- Explain briefly how Koch's postulates cemented the germ theory of disease.arrow_forwardWhy is it only necessary to include the exotoxin (in toxoid form) in vaccines for tetanus and botulism?arrow_forwardNormal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT: Question 3 options: A) they produce antibacterial chemicals. B) they compete with pathogens for nutrients. C) they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D) they produce lysozyme.arrow_forward
- The following phenotypic change of a bacterium is possible by transfer of DNA by"'conjugation".A) ability to produce toxin.B) Develop antibiotic resistance.C) Production of virulence factorD) All of the above statements are true.arrow_forwardWhat is the germ theory of disease? why it is essential to the treatment of infectious diseases?arrow_forwardHere are four toxins: diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, tetanus toxin, and exfoliative toxin. Choose two of them and answer the following questions: 1. Is it an exotoxin or an endotoxin? 2. Which bacterial species produces it? 3. Briefly describe its mode of action and how it causes damage to the host cells. Include specific signs and symptoms.arrow_forward
- Some pathogens, such as HIV, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. How do you expect virulence of such pathogens to compare with that of pathogens that are transmitted 1) only horizontally or 2) only vertically? Explain.arrow_forwardWhy do you suppose microbiota transplantation is so effective?arrow_forwardCytomegalovirus has the ability to move between adjacent cells: How does Cytomagalovirus contribute to the virulence of the pathogen?arrow_forward
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