Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 25.1, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
Virulence of a microbe with LD50 (lethal dose 50%) with 5 Ă— 104 and another microbe of LD50 with 5 Ă— 107.
Introduction:
Virulence is a parameter by which the severity or degree of a disease is measured. The fatality rates of different microbes define the virulence of the pathogen. For example, Ebola and Marburg virus have fatality rates of 70% and hence, are highly virulent. Lethal dose 50% is used to measure the virulence of a microbe such as a virus or bacteria. It is the number of microbes needed for killing 50% of the experimental group of animal hosts.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
What is the “iceberg concept of infection.” How does this affect our understanding of the mortality rates of a particular microbe?
in order for a bacterial pathogen to colonise a host epithelial cell surface, which set of potential virulence determinants produced by the bacteria are most likely to be involved in adherence?
Siderophores and outer membrane proteins
Fimbriae and outer membrane proteins
Endotoxin and fimbriae
Peptidoglycan and fimbriae
Select all of the following that applies to the tradeoff between transmission and virulence that applies to many diseases.
a) The tradeoff between transmission and virulence means that diseases always evolve to become more virulent.
b) If greater virulence limits transmission, that disease will likely evolve to become less virulent than it could be.
c) While making more copies of itself can increase the likelihood of transmission occurring, too much replication of the disease can make the host so sick it won't leave the house and spread the disease.
d) A strain of a disease that replicates enough to be transmitted, but not so much that the host gets too sick to move, will be favored by natural selection over strains that either make the host too sick or do not replicate enough to be transmitted.
e) If a disease can spread without making its host sick (e.g. when the host is asymptomatic), then the tradeoff between transmission and virulence…
Chapter 25 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
Ch. 25.1 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 2TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 3TQCh. 25.4 - Prob. 4TQCh. 25.5 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 2TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 3TQCh. 25.6 - Prob. 4TQ
Ch. 25.7 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25 - Prob. 1RQCh. 25 - Prob. 2RQCh. 25 - Prob. 3RQCh. 25 - Prob. 4RQCh. 25 - Prob. 5RQCh. 25 - Prob. 6RQCh. 25 - Prob. 7RQCh. 25 - Prob. 8RQCh. 25 - Prob. 9RQCh. 25 - Prob. 10RQCh. 25 - Prob. 11RQCh. 25 - Prob. 12RQCh. 25 - Prob. 13RQCh. 25 - Prob. 14RQCh. 25 - Prob. 15RQCh. 25 - Prob. 16RQCh. 25 - Prob. 17RQCh. 25 - Prob. 1TQCh. 25 - Prob. 2TQCh. 25 - Prob. 3TQCh. 25 - Prob. 4TQCh. 25 - Prob. 5TQ
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Which of the following pathogens is the LEAST virulent? 1. Microbe B, ID50 = 1,000 cells 2. Microbe D, ID50 = 10 cells 3. None of the other four answers (Cannot be determined from information provided) 4. Microbe C, ID50 = 100 cells 5. Microbe A, ID50 = 100,000 cellsarrow_forwardIdentify at least 2 bacterial cell structures that are associated with virulence and pathogenicity. Explain each.arrow_forwardWhy is virulence expected to increase with vector or water-borne transmission, relative to direct transmission? Using the concept of a “cost of virulence”, explain how vertical transmission or transmission in a hospital is thought to affect the level of virulence favored by natural selection?arrow_forward
- While it is true that not all coliforms are pathogenic under normal conditions, please name two situations that can occur due to infection by pathogenic strains.arrow_forwardportal of entry opportunistic Infection morbidity pathogen healthcare-associated infection virulence factors pathogenicity toxemia Entry into the host by a which can cause disease in a healthy host pathogen can be via a which can cause disease in an immunocompromised host which can establish can lead to attachment and avoidance of host defenses, which depend on may be caused by normal biota may be caused by drug- resistant microbes such as enzymes and toxins that may trigger may enhance which together with fever other signs and symptoms define a Resetarrow_forwardWhy must the top agar be supplemented with maltose? A) Maltose allows for binding of the phage to the E. Coli and aids in the infection process B) Maltose helps stabilize the phage within the mediaarrow_forward
- Describe in detail the exotoxin and endotoxin with examples and diagrams. note: please write as much as you can, the more the betterarrow_forwardExplain how specialized structures (e.g., spore, capsule, fimbriae, or flagella) enable a microbe to survive in a given environment or contribute to pathogenesis.arrow_forwardDiseases caused by different types of pathogens have their own seasonality. That is, there is a higher frequency of bacterial and viral diseases in winter and a higher frequency of fungal and parasitological problems in summer. I explain winter, you explain summer. In winter, people are indoors with frequent touching of the same surfaces, breathing of the same air, as well as frequent contact. Bacterial diseases spread through touching of common surfaces while viral diseases also are spread through breathing in of infectious aerosols (someone’s sneeze, microbes in recycled air). Therefore the incidence of bacterial and viral diseases are greater during the winter. Why are fungal and protozoan diseases more important in the summer? (3 good reasons).arrow_forward
- 1) What is NDM-1? How can NDM-1 spread to different types of bacteria? 2) Why are Gram negative bacteria so much harder to treat with antibiotics? 3) What is KPC? Where does it live?arrow_forwardWhy is it incorrect to say that bacteria produce toxins to harm their host?arrow_forwardWhich of the following are factors that can put hospitalized patients at risk of contracting nosocomial infections? Choose all that apply. Sick patients coming in to the hospital can bring pathogens with them Shared caretakers and equipment can transmit microbes between patients Patients may be exposed to antiseptic chemicals O An ill person has weakened immune function MacBook Air DD F9 F8 吕0 000 F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 & #3 $ 8 4 このarrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education