Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 21, Problem 31P
What is the most straightforward evidence at the molecular level in support of the idea that modern humans first appeared in Africa?
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The Out of Africa hypothesis (also called the African Replacement hypothesis) proposes that Homo sapiens arose in Africa and evolved there for several hundred thousand years. Then, some 85,000 years ago, a small band of Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and populated the remainder of the world. Based on this hypothesis, what predictions would you make about worldwide human variation in mtDNA?
Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA. Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.
A number of comparisons of nucleotide sequences among hominidsand rodents indicate that inbreeding may have occurredmore often in hominid than in rodent ancestry. Bakewell et al.(2007. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. [USA] 104: 7489-7494) suggest thatan ancient population bottleneck that left approximately 10,000 humans might have caused early humans to have a greaterchance of genetic disease. Why would a population bottleneckinfluence the frequency of genetic disease?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 21 - Choose the best matching phrase in the right...Ch. 21 - When an allele is dominant, why does it not always...Ch. 21 - A population with an allele frequency p of 0.5 and...Ch. 21 - In a certain population of frogs, 120 are green,...Ch. 21 - Which of the following populations are at...Ch. 21 - A dominant mutation in Drosophila called Delta...Ch. 21 - A large, random mating population is started with...Ch. 21 - Prob. 8PCh. 21 - Alkaptonuria is a recessive autosomal genetic...Ch. 21 - Two hypothetical lizard populations found on...
Ch. 21 - It is the year 1998, and the men and women sailors...Ch. 21 - a. Alleles of genes on the X chromosome can also...Ch. 21 - In 1927, the ophthalmologist George Waaler tested...Ch. 21 - The equation p2 2pq q2> = 1 representing the...Ch. 21 - A gene has two alleles A frequency = p and a...Ch. 21 - Some people can taste the bitter compound...Ch. 21 - Androgenetic alopecia pattern baldness is a...Ch. 21 - The following figure shows the FBI-style analysis...Ch. 21 - Why is the elimination of a fully recessive...Ch. 21 - Tristan da Cunha is a group of small islands in...Ch. 21 - Small population size causes genetic drift because...Ch. 21 - Three basic predictions underlie genetic drift in...Ch. 21 - A mouse mutation with incomplete dominance t =...Ch. 21 - In Drosophila, the vestigial wings recessive...Ch. 21 - In a population of infinite size, three loci A, B,...Ch. 21 - You have identified an autosomal gene that...Ch. 21 - In Europe, the frequency of the CF allele causing...Ch. 21 - An allele of the G6PD gene acts in a recessive...Ch. 21 - Explain why evolutionary biologists monitor...Ch. 21 - Tiny foxes live on the Channel Islands off the...Ch. 21 - What is the most straightforward evidence at the...Ch. 21 - In March 2013, the American Journal of Human...Ch. 21 - If you go back 40 generations into your biological...Ch. 21 - In Fig. 21.17, to what part of the world does...Ch. 21 - Predict the DNA sequences at the four nodes...Ch. 21 - A cladogram not drawn to scale for the taxonomic...Ch. 21 - As noted in Fig. 21.22, humans now living in...Ch. 21 - As of this writing in 2016, no Neanderthal-derived...
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- Some people think that many of our uniquely human traits arose by sexual selection. Over thousands of years, women attracted to charming, witty men perhaps prompted the development of human intellect beyond what was necessary for mere survival. Men attracted to women with juvenile features may have shifted the species as a whole to be less hairy and softer featured than any of our simian relatives. Can you think of a way to test these hypotheses?arrow_forwardHow, specifically, is the concept of ALLOMETRY relevant to the phylogenetic position of Homo floresiensis? Because if allometry explains the anatomy of Homo floresiensis then we can conclude that it is not separate species but instead a member of our species. Although most mammals on islands go through a process of getting smaller, Homo floresiensis evolved from a smaller ancestor to be bigger, meaning that allometry is an important factor. Mutations in the allometry allele are associated with many of the characteristics of Homo floresiensis. Because Homo floresiensis is so much smaller than other members of the genus Homo, it is important to determine how shape changes associated with smaller size impacted the species. Because Homo floresiensis had both small- and large-bodied forms, variation within the species is in large part dictated by allometry.arrow_forwardCrickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea. 1) Mark & label (as “MRCA”) the most recent common ancestor for all crickets on the island of Kauai. 2) Molokai is roughly equally distant from Oahu as Maui, but not equally related. Are Molokai crickets more closely related to those on Oahu or Maui?_________arrow_forward
- Once nuclear DNA sequencing became fast and able to handle sequencing ancient DNA, living humans were found to have some Neanderthal genes. Is this finding clear evidence that some early modern humans did indeed hybridize with Neanderthals? Why?arrow_forwardHow does the fact that all ethnic groups except Africans contain some Neanderthal DNA (1–4 percent of their DNA) support the out-of-Africa hypothesis for the origin of modern humans (Homo sapiens)?arrow_forwardThe ancestor of cats was presumably homozygous for wild type at all of the described genes. What was the phenotype of this ancestral cat at each of these loci? 1)Dark grey with black mackerel stripes 2)Light grey female with dark grey mackerel stripes 3)Light brown male with chocolate tips 4)Black female with large white patches 5)Cream male with small white patches and orange mackerel stripes 6)A uniformly colored black catarrow_forward
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