Crickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea.  1) Mark & label (as “MRCA”) the most recent common ancestor for all crickets on the island of Kauai. 2) Molokai is roughly equally distant from Oahu as Maui, but not equally related. Are Molokai crickets more closely related to those on Oahu or Maui?

In the past, the evolutionary history of whales was represented by cladogram A, shown below. As you can see, whales were believed to be closely related to mesonychids, an extinct group of mammals that looked similar to wolves. Today, that cladogram has been revised, as shown in cladogram B. Cladogram A Cladogram B Hippos Horses Hippos Whales Ruminants Pigs Camels Horses Mesonychids Time Time Which of the following statements best describes the reason for this change? Cladograms A and B are hypotheses that changed as new evidence became available. Cladogram B was revised to show a water-to-land pattern of evolution in groups of organisms. Cladogram B was altered to better include similarities in habitat as new information became available. Cladograms are organized today to show a much more simplified pattern like the one shown in cladogram B.

The phylogentic tree below depicts the evolutionary relationships of the following species A through M.

To test evolutionary hypotheses, you make a phylogeny of a group of organisms based on six traits: A B 1 2 E 5 2 1= singing 2= nest-building 3 = short legs 4 = hollow snout 5= crest J L M 6 = tree dwelling a) Based on your phylogeny, did hollow snouts evolve to allow singing? Explain your answer. b) Your friend wants to put all of the species that have hollow snouts into a single taxonomic group. Is this a good taxonomic group? Explain your answer. 4.

Crickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea.  3) Which islands unambiguously show multiple independent colonization events?  4) How many colonization events were there on each of the islands showing multiple events?

Why is molecular data for phylogenetic inference best analyzed with use of an explicit model of molecular evolution?     A) This is true of morphological data, not molecular data, it is impossible to model changes in molecular sequence data because it is constantly evolving.     B) Because molecular data is known to only experience random changes and is constantly evolving, a chaotic model of evolution can universally be applied to molecular sequence data for phylogenetic analysis.     C) Because molecular data is known to experience non-random changes in terms of the likelihood of different types of mutations -- transitions vs. transversions, at different codon positions, which can be used to infer sequence evolution and relationship.     D) None of the above.

What is the sister taxon of Taxon 3. The sister taxa or clade of Taxon 1? The sister taxon or clade of the Outgroup is?The most recent common ancestor of Taxon 1 and Taxon 3 ? The most recent common ancestor of Taxon 2 and Taxon 3? How many clades (if any) are nested within the Ingroup? If we don’t count the terminal nodes (the tips), how many clades are depicted in the tree?

Humans carry a variety of non-functional genetic sequences, called processed pseudogenes, in their DNA. we can estimate how long ago these sequences first appeared in the genomes of our ancestors. In humans, processed pseudogenes include the three options below which would be the least widespread among other primate species a. alpha-enolase psi1 (11 million years old) b. AS PSI 7 (16 million years old) c. CALM II PSI3 (36 million years old)

Which of the following best explains the number of similarities between the amino acid sequences of the Drosophila Hedgehog protein and the Chicken Indian Hedgehog protein? O A. The Drosophila hedgehog gene evolved from hedgehogs, which are distantly related to birds. O B. Both genes evolved from a gene present in the last common ancestor of Drosphila and chickens, and the number of differences reflects the amount of time that has elapsed during the evolution of these two lineages. a During the evolution of Drosophila and chickens, a hedgehog like gene arose independently in each lineage, then the gene that arose in chickens diversified. A These genes are unrelated, and the fact that they are similar is only because the proteins need to have similar biochemical properties. They are unrelated because chickens don't have segments and Drosophila larvae don't have limb buds.

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck’s explanation for the evolution of long-legged giraffes from shorter-legged okapi-like ancestors migrating to a savanna would not include which of the following features? over time, inheritance of acquired characteristics in okapis would lead to savanna giraffes once an okapi had acquired longer legs, it could pass on this new trait to its offspring only those okapis with favorable traits (long legs) could be ancestral to savanna giraffes each individual okapi could increase its leg-length by deliberate, consistent exercise okapis in a savanna habitat found it advantageous to stretch their legs for treetop leaves