Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 17.4, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The role of mechanisms of evolution in the emergence of dependent clones.
Introduction:
Adaptive evolution is a phenomenon that involves natural selection of genetic traits. Random mutations accumulate in the genome of various organisms to give rise to
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In what sense does the universality of the genetic code support the theory of evolution?
How would the process of the double holiday junction model differ if identical DNA molecules were used in place of homologous ones?
A.) Crossing over would NEVER be observed
B.) No change the entire process would be the same
C.) Gene conversion would never occur
D.) Crossing over would ALWAYS be observed do not copy from others
10) Two processes that take place within a cell are shown here. Which of these statements correctly identify the processes and their outcomes? Select ALL that apply.
A) Both processes increase genetic variation.
B) Both processes can produce new phenotypes in an organism.
C) Process II occurs randomly while process I is predictable.
D) Process I is beneficial to the organism while process II is detrimental.
E) Only process I can provide the basis for natural selection acting on phenotypes.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these is most likely to have arisen.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a neutral and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be neutral or adaptive.arrow_forwardWhy is mutations almost always neutral or harmful? If this is true, why are mutations nevertheless essential to evolutionarrow_forward
- Our DNA is subject to mutations on a daily basis. Why do most mutations that occur in the genome of organisms escape detection and not elicit a deleterious effect? Why does the child of someone with cancer not necessarily develop cancer? Is it reasonable to state that mutations are essential to the evolutionary process?arrow_forward1. a) How does this experiment demonstrate the definition of evolution? b) Fitness of organisms is a function of the environment (that is, organisms best fit to the local environmental conditions leave more surviving offspring). How does this experiment demonstrate this fact?arrow_forwardWhy is artificial selection or selective breeding considered a form of genetic engineering?arrow_forward
- Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin are small organic molecules that are synthesized by particular species of bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason why certain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupy the same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may be able to kill competing species. Eliminating competitors provides more resources for the antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that have the genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes that confer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracycline is made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besides the genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciens also has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, it would kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however, many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracycline have acquired the genes that confer…arrow_forwardHumans have engaged in genetic manipulation for millennia, producing plant and animal varieties through selective breeding and hybridization that significantly modify genomes of organisms. Why do you think modern genetic engineering, which often entails introducing or modifying only one or a few genes, has met with so much opposition? Should some forms of genetic engineering be of greater concern than others? Explain.arrow_forwardIn your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then, briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these homologous gene types is most likely to have arisen.arrow_forward
- Scientists are concerned that bacteria will be resistant to all antibiotics within the next decade. Using your knowledge of genetics, briefly describe one method by which bacterial populations can develop drug resistance. Do NOT use "mutation" as your answer. Be more specific. From what you learned in this chapter, how would the bacteria be able to change or mutate in order to become antibiotic resistant? Explain why the following statement is false: Sexual reproduction is the only mechanism for genetic change. Do NOT use Mutation as your answer. Be more specific: what are other mechanisms by which microbes can change or mutate their DNA?arrow_forwardWhat are the four processes that lead to the evolution of new genes from a single ancestral gene?arrow_forwardWhat would happen evolutionarily if DNA was transmitted precisely from generation to generation without mutations ever occurring?arrow_forward
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