What is the difference between a neutral and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be neutral or adaptive.
Q: Do the data in the graph indicate that the mutation rates per base-pair in some taxa, such as…
A: The mutation occurs when there is a change in the nucleic acid sequence. These mutations could be…
Q: what is the meaning of fitness ?what two things do you suppose govern the rate of evolution by…
A: The process through which populations of living creatures adapt and evolve is known as natural…
Q: If not all mutations that contribute to species evolution are passed down, what conditions must be…
A: Mutations These are the alterations in the sequence of the DNA, occured due to the mistakes during…
Q: Why is it appropriate to define evolution as the change in allele frequencies of a population over…
A: Gene can be denoted in two form called allele .Allele frequency is basically prevalence or…
Q: define evolution in terms of concepts from population genetics?
A: Answer: Introduction: The population genetics provides the origin of evolution and it was…
Q: Outline the different rates of evolution that are typically seen in different parts of a…
A: There are certain sites within a protein-encoding gene that are conserved more than the other sites.…
Q: How is evolutionary (genetic) change measured, and how is the cause determined?
A: Evolution can be described as the development of an organism from the ancestral species in response…
Q: Explain why evolutionary biologists monitor selectively neutral polymorphisms as molecular clocks
A: Sudden heritable changes that occur in sequence of an organism resulting in the production of an…
Q: Which of the following refers, specifically, to a trait that is modified (mutated genetically) from…
A: Some scientists compare all the features of each living thing to experiment with evolution. However,…
Q: Why is a silent mutation ignored by natural selection?
A: Mutation The changes in the sequence of gene or DNA either by addition or deletion of base pairs…
Q: In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then, briefly suggest by…
A: If their _functions_ are similar (or, more narrowly, if they share a common function of interest),…
Q: If the genome-wide Fst for humans globally is 0.11, do you think this locus is currently or has been…
A: Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved over the last ten years into a…
Q: Some populations change noticeably in form within a hundred years. If only one gene in every 200,000…
A: Some of the population changes noticeably for hundred years. If one gene in every 200.000 mutates…
Q: Given that mutations are almost always neutral or harmful, why are mutations nevertheless essential…
A: Evolution refers to the changes in the characteristics of an organism for several generations which…
Q: What is the 50-500 rule? What does each of these numbers represent? With what mechanism of…
A: A population is a collection of individuals of the same species that live with each other in a…
Q: Why was noncoding DNA previously called 'junk DNA' and why is the term no longer considered…
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains which coil around each…
Q: Which of the following is a change in the structure of a gene resulting in a variant that can be…
A: Gene pool refers to the composition of all genes present in the particular population of a species.
Q: Why, of all the evolutionary mechanisms, is selection the only one that can result in adaptation?
A: Evolution is the process of change in the characteristic traits of an organism, which are heritable,…
Q: Why are only inherited variations important in the evolutionary process? Explain your answer.
A: Evolution is a process that causes changes in a population's genetic material through time.…
Q: Imagine a population of mice living in a grey, rocky environment. Some mice are grey and some are…
A: Adaptation, natural selection, and associated evolution are factors that influence population growth…
Q: The mutations which are of greatest importance to the process of evolution are those which are…
A: The characteristic of each species have changed gradually over time. These changes can be termed as…
Q: In a very large population, if the forward and reverse mutation rates are exactly the same, how…
A: In a population, mutation plays a key role in the introduction of genetic variations into the…
Q: the meaning of fitness ?what two things do you suppose govern the rate of evolution by natural…
A: The term "evolution" describes the gradual, generational changes that take place in the inherited…
Q: Which of the following statements explains genetic variation? Genetic variation arises ____.…
A: Gene is the foremost or basic unit of hereditary.
Q: In what sense does the universality of the genetic code support the theory of evolution?
A: Because of the genetic code, a lot of very different species have the same genes. Similarities and…
Q: What is a Gene Pool? Explain?
A: The basic physical and functional unit of hereditary is referred to as gene, which is composed of…
Q: How can we detect recent strong selection in the human genome? Explain using the recent positive…
A:
Q: If heterozygosity is reduced, what happens to the potential for evolution?
A: Evolution is the alteration in the organisms of a population at the gene level that over time leads…
Q: Why does the relation between phenotype and genotypematter in evolution?
A: Genotype – it is the genetic constitution (a pair of alleles) of an individual. The pair of alleles…
Q: If a species is immutable (mutations do not occur) is evolution possible? Explain
A: Mutations are the changes in the DNA that occur in the gamtes I. e sperms and ova and which is thus…
Q: Explain mutation as a force of evolution (how do mutations contribute to biological change?
A: A mutation is a change in DNA, the hereditary substance of life is a mutation.
Q: If heterozygosity is reduced, what happens to the potential for Evolution?. Explain in details
A: Evolution is the alteration in the organisms of a population at the gene level that over time leads…
Q: For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations…
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: Many lethal genetic disorders such as CF, Huntington’s, sickle cell anemia, Tay Sach’s, etc.,…
A: Diseases are thought to persist in human populations primarily because of a balance between…
Q: Which of the following examples from class show that a mutation can have evolutionary benefits?…
A: Mutations are an important aspect of evolution. All the genetic features in an organism were,…
Q: How is concept of a common ancestor and concept known as descent with modification interconnected?
A: Descent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their…
Q: Recent studies reveal that certain areas of the DNA are less prone to DNA mutations and that…
A: The mutations occur less frequently in functionally limited parts of the genome. The number of…
Q: Why is mutations almost always neutral or harmful? If this is true, why are mutations nevertheless…
A: mutations are any chanage in the nucleotide sequence in genetic material of an organism . gene is…
Q: , which two species would you expect to be more closely related? Organism No.1 with ATG CAA TAC GCC,…
A: The correct option is - c.Organims No 1 and No.3 are likely more closely related
Q: Would the rate of deleterious or beneficial mutations be a good molecular clock? Why or why not?
A: Permanent alteration in the sequence of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is known as mutation. They can…
Q: What are the four processes that lead to the evolution of new genes from a single ancestral gene?
A: The present concept of evolution is a modified form of the Darwin's theory of natural selection and…
Q: If mutations such as those of the Ubx gene
A: Ubx or ultrabithorax gene is a homeobox gene which is involved in the morphogenesis or the wing…
Q: Charles Darwin had so many observations after his voyage through the HMS beagle. What Darwinian…
A: The Galapagos archipelago is dominated by these finches. The finches living in Galapagos islands…
Q: What is the driving force behind divergent evolution? Explain.
A: Introduction We have to explain the driving force behind divergent evolution.
Q: What causes evolutionary (genetic) change?
A: Evolution is the gradual accumulation of variations in the existing organisms leading to the…
Q: In which of the following situations would you expect to probably see differences in the speed of…
A: Molecular Clock Hypothesis: This hypothesis was originally formulated by Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus…
Q: The Out of Africa hypothesis (also called the African Replacement hypothesis) proposes that Homo…
A: According to the out of Africa hypothesis, the modern-day humans, or Homo sapiens, migrated from…
Q: successful domestication of a plant or animal is due to the fact that this involved just a few gene…
A: Domestication is the process of adapting wild animals and plants for the use of humans. The domestic…
Q: Recently, scientists have identified a mutation that is found at high frequency in Finnish…
A: The physical and functional unit of heredity is a gene. They transmit knowledge from one generation…
What is the difference between a neutral and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be neutral or adaptive.
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- For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.What is a gene? Why are regulatory genes important to the evolutionary process? What is a mutation as defined in this course and readings. Are the end results of a mutation always "good" or always "bad"? Or is a mutation perhaps neither always good or always bad and could be "neutral or no effect" or "adaptive" in some situations? Does it depend on the gene, amino acid, protein, and case-by-case scenario? What genetic evidence suggests that humans are a part of a biological continuum with all life forms. Does the number of genes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism? Does the number of chromosomes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism?Discuss the significance of mutations and explain the role of the environment in the evolutionary process. (Hint: Consider Lenski's study and what is demonstrated. Do not re-tell Lenski’s study)
- In addition to physical traits, gene sequences can be used when comparing related species. Instead of looking for the presence or absence of a specific gene, you would look at the percent similarity between the same gene in two or more species. Therefore, it is important to select a gene that contains a similar DNA gene sequence in each of the species being compared. Certain genes are involved in processes that are required for basic cellular function. As these processes are critical to cell function, the genes that regulate them are highly conserved, meaning that they have remained essentially unchanged over time. Glycolysis is one such process that is critical for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis involves converting glucose into pyruvate in order to generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Because glycolysis is an essential process for all species, the genes involved are therefore highly conserved. You will be looking at similarities among different taxa of the highly conserved…You are collaborating with a cool new local brewery on an experiment with one of their strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brewer’s yeast. You decide to apply what you learned in Evolution to create a mutation accumulation (MA) line to see if the patterns of mutation in their strain of S. cerevisiae follow patterns seen in other species. Which of the following best describes an actual result you observe form studying the mutation accumulation (MA) lines you created? a. Beneficial mutations occur far less frequently than deleterious mutations do. b. The neutral mutations had a greater effect on fitness compared to other mutation types. c. Most of the mutations that occur are the result of large chromosomal rearrangements. d. Of all possible mutation types, deleterious mutations are the most common mutation.In the replica plate experiment, it shows that mutations are random. However, certain environmental stresses (such as high temperature, high salt, and low pH) can increase the mutation rate. QUESTIONS: Does increasing the mutation rate increase the probability that an individual mutation will be adaptive?
- Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA (S. A. Frank and L. D. Hurst. 1996. Nature 383:224). Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.Albinism in humans can be caused by mutations in any one of several different genes. This situation, in which the same phenotype may result from variation in several different genes, is referred to as genetic heterogeneity. Is genetic heterogeneity common? Are most genetic traits in humans the result of variation in a single gene, or are there many genetic traits that result from variation in several genes, as albinism does?10) Two processes that take place within a cell are shown here. Which of these statements correctly identify the processes and their outcomes? Select ALL that apply. A) Both processes increase genetic variation. B) Both processes can produce new phenotypes in an organism. C) Process II occurs randomly while process I is predictable. D) Process I is beneficial to the organism while process II is detrimental. E) Only process I can provide the basis for natural selection acting on phenotypes. Not Graded
- Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of genetic polymorphisms. Suppose that a genetic polymorphism involves two alleles at frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55. Describe three different scenarios to explain these observed allele frequencies. You can propose that the mutations that produced the polymorphism are neutral, beneficial, or deleterious.Wyckoff et al. (2000. Nature 403:304-309) have proposed that some human male reproductive-associated genes have evolved by natural selection and not by neutral evolution. Part of the DNA sequence results of their study is shown below. Which gene(s) did seem to evolve by natural selection? Note: dn = number of substitutions per non-synonymous (replacement) sites and ds = number of substitutions per synonymous (silent) sites. dn ds Acrosin-Trypsin 0.138 0.064 Protamine 1 0.133 0.046 SRY 0.055 0.090 Histone H1 (testicular) 0.055…Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA. Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.