Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 17, Problem 7RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The roles of mutation, natural selection, and reductive evolution in the microbial species divergence along with examples.
Introduction:
Microscopic organisms that are unicellular, multicellular, or cell clusters are referred to as microbes. These organisms are beneficial to life but can cause harm too. They are classified into six major types that include bacteria, Archaea,
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Orange is growth of an evolved strain of bacteria and blue is its ancestor.
Calculate:
A) growth rate of evolved and growth rate of ancestor
B) doubling time of the evolved and doubling time of the ancestor
C) relative fitness of the evolved compared to the ancestor
D) frequency of the evolved after 10 hours if the initial frequency of the ancestor is 0.5
What is a Homology?
A) When an anatomic feature is shared among organisms and their descendants
B) When two organisms appear the same
C) When convergent evolution produces similar phenotypes
Which of the following is FALSE regarding phylogenetic trees?
1) The branch lengths on the tree are scaled to molecular (DNA) changes and/or time.
2)Phylogenetic trees have shown us that there is much more bacterial diversity compared to eukaryotes.
3) Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relatedness of different organisms.
4). The branch lengths on the tree depict abiotic and biotic factors affecting speciation.
Chapter 17 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- Although natural selection is sometimes called the survival of the fittest, it is ultimately a process of: a) differential reproduction b) differential consumption c) differential migration d) differential mutationarrow_forward2) If this model continues, with no major changes to the environment, what do you expect to happen? XA) Rabbits will continue to get lighter over time. There is no way to predict because mutations are random. B) edator 9) D) Mutations will all die out leaving only the original fur color. Dark gray fur will become the common phenotype because it favors survival.arrow_forwardThe spread of antibiotic resistance genes is an example of evolution. Explain how this is evolution using the framework of natural selection. Make sure you include what genes are evolving and what is the selective agent or selective pressure.arrow_forward
- What is an Analogy? A) When an anatomic feature is shared among organisms and their descendants B) When two organisms appear the same C) When convergent evolution produces similar phenotypesarrow_forwardThe fact that a prokaryote has the ability to make a new protein that is placed in the cell membrane of the mesosome is important to the process of evolution because this represents a) the mutation of a gene, b) new DNA producing a new genetic variation, c) r RNA using a new type of m RNA, d) the species having a greater degree of genetic variability, e) all are truearrow_forwardBacteria are better than elephants for experimental studies of evolution because: A) Bacteria evolve, but elephants do not B) We know much less about elephants than we do about bacteria, so it is harder to design experiments to study their evolution. C) Bacteria have much shorter life cycles than elephants, so we can study their evolution over thousands of generations during the lifetime of a single dons during the meattle of usands single scientist. scentist D) Bacteria are much lower on the tree of life than are elephants OE) Elephants have much less genetic variation than bacteriaarrow_forward
- Nucleotide differences for a DNA sequence on chromosome 1 are shown for five species. Which species likely diverged the longest ago? A) Species 2 B) Species 3 C) Species 4 D) Species 5 not gradedarrow_forwardThe hypercycle model explains which of the following? A) How the evolutionary transition from prokaryotic to eukaryotic cells through acquisiton of membrane bound organelles. B) How viruses first originated alongside cellular life through a hyper replicating RNA lineage. C) How individual replicating molecules like RNA, DNA, and proteins entered a molecular mutualism and became encapsulated forming protocells. D) How cycles of heat and electricity experimentally lead to the formation of amino acids in the lab.arrow_forwardIn one paragraph, using your own words, explain the role that natural selection plays in the growth of antibiotic-resistant strands of bacteria.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is correct concerning adaptations? (Choose one.) Group of answer choices a)They always increase an organism's ability to survive better than other individuals in the population. b)They can increase an organism's ability to survive better or reproduce better than other individuals, but not both at the same time. c)They increase an organism's ability to reproduce better than other individuals in the population, in a given environment. d)They result from any mechanism of evolution.arrow_forwardContrast between organic evolution vs cultural evolution with respect to the following: a) what is changing over time (be specific) b) what is the relative rate of the change (very fast, very slow or somewhere in between. (Note: the question is not asking you to explain organic evolution and cultural evolution.)arrow_forwardThe neutral theory of molecular evolution is now accepted as part of the theory of evolution by natural selection. a)True b)Falsearrow_forward
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