In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then, briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these homologous gene types is most likely to have arisen.

In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then, briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these homologous gene types is most likely to have arisen.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter16: Reproductive Technology, Genetic Testing, And Gene Therapy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14QP: Is gene transfer a form of eugenics? Is it advantageous to use gene transfer to eliminate some...

See similar textbooks

Related questions

Q: Why are homologous traits similar? A. they result from genetic and developmental similarities.…

A: The evolution is the alteration in the gene pool of the population from one generation to the next…

Q: How does DNA being the universal molecules of inheritance in all cells support evolutionary theory?

A: DNA stands for Deoxyribo nucleic acid.

Q: Which of the following statements about the pseudogene is correct? -Pseudogene is derived from…

A: - first option is only correct.

Q: DNA-based

A: In the initial times the genetic material of yhe most of the primitive organisms was the RNA and…

Q: in 2000, the human genome was triumphantly released as a reference genome with approximately 8%…

A: Epigenetics: The study of how cells regulate gene activity without modifying the DNA sequence is…

Q: Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of genetic polymorphisms. Suppose that a genetic…

A: Mutation is the modification in the nucleotide sequence or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence of…

Q: Traditional gene mapping has been applied successfully to a variety of organisms including yeast,…

A: Genetic mapping is a method to identify exactly which chromosome has which gene and exactly showing…

Q: Take a look at the α-globin and β-globin amino acid sequences. Which sequences are more similar, the…

A: Orthologs are the genes present in the organisms of different species and share a common ancestry…

Q: Describe the Central Dogma of molecular genetics and the three processes that drive the flow of…

A: INTRODUCTION Central dogma is introduced Francis Crick. This shows the flow of genetic information…

Q: An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true…

A: Animals containing homeobox sequences are mentioned as hox genes. These hox genes are found in fruit…

Q: You are collaborating with a cool new local brewery on an experiment with one of their strains…

A: Mutations are sudden heritable changes that occur throughout Nature. Often mutations can make…

Q: Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings…

A: Darwin is one of the scientist that proposed the process that every new species is coming from…

Q: The human genome has been sequenced, but we stilldon’t have an accurate count of the number of…

A: Genome is defined as the complete genetic material that is present in an organism. It consists of…

Q: How to understand the roles of genes in evolution ?

A: Evolution refers to the change in heritable traits in a population of biological individuals over…

Q: The human genome holds an extraordinary amount of information about human development, medicine, and…

A: The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA in cell…

Q: Suppose that life exists elsewhere in the universe. All life must contain some type of genetic…

A: a genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). Each…

Q: Gregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded that some inherited factors were responsible for…

A: Inherited factors are those that carry the genetic information from one species to another.…

Q: . a. If you found a zinc-finger domain (which facilitates DNA binding) in a newly identified…

A: A gene is the physical and functional unit of heredity. They pass information from one generation to…

Q: A typical prokaryotic cell has about 3,000 genes in its DNA, while a human cell has almost 21,000…

A: The first living prokaryotic cell has evolved around 3.8 billion years ago. It lacked cell…

Q: If blond hair in the Solomon Islanders had originated from early European explorers, what would you…

A: When researchers conducted their genetical study of the islanders they found some interesting…

Q: Given that mutations are almost always neutral or harmful, why are mutations nevertheless essential…

A: Evolution refers to the changes in the characteristics of an organism for several generations which…

Q: Write a paragraph describing the evolutionary forces driving changes in the human genome. You can…

A: It is notable that the main driving force of evolution in any populace are mutation, natural…

Q: Genetics is commonly seen as being grouped into several general areas: transmission, molecular, and…

A: Genetics is a discipline of biology that studies genes, genetic diversity, and heredity in…

Q: It has been claimed that “evolution repeats itself.” Whatis the evidence for this claim froma. the…

A: Evolution is the process of change in a population of organisms over time. This can be caused by…

Q: The human genome holds an extraordinary amount of information about human development, medicine, and…

A: The highly integrated sequencing technology known as "next-generation sequencing" (NGS) offers great…

Q: By comparing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of living people and/or of skeletons of non-living people,…

A: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA): The DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles inside…

Q: In what sense does the universality of the genetic code support the theory of evolution?

A: Because of the genetic code, a lot of very different species have the same genes. Similarities and…

Q: Our DNA is subject to mutations on a daily basis. Why do most mutations that occur in the genome of…

A: Introduction Mutation Is A Changes In The Genome, When A DNA Gene Is Destroyed Or Mutated In Such A…

Q: When comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually…

A: A gene is a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Proteins are the building blocks of…

Q: If heterozygosity is reduced, what happens to the potential for evolution?

A: Evolution is the alteration in the organisms of a population at the gene level that over time leads…

Q: Albinism in humans can be caused by mutations in any one of several different genes. This situation,…

A: A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA of a cell such that the sequence deviates from what is…

Q: As pointed out in the section Evolution of the Y Chromosome, some researchers have predicted that…

A: Chromosomes are long thread-like structures that carry coded genetic information in the form of DNA.…

Q: The human genome holds an extraordinary amount of information about human development, medicine, and…

A: Introduction There are various methods of sequencing present today. However, during the initial days…

Q: Considering the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics, which of the follaowing statements is true? DNA…

A: In molecular biology, the DNA describes the inheritance pattern which contains the hereditary units…

Q: EVOLUTION CONNECTION Ethical considerations aside, ifDNA-based technologies became widely used,…

A: Evolution is the change in characteristics of individuals over successive generations, these changes…

Q: For each pair of individuals listed in the left column, select the description which best details…

A: Genetics is the branch of biology which deals with the genes their structure and function which they…

Q: How does DNA being the universal molecule of inheritance in all cells support evolutionary theory?

A: DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule which consists of all of the information required…

Q: Sequencing of the human genome has revealed much about the organization of genes. Describe the…

A: Tandem repeats are those DNA sequences that make repeated copies of themselves while lying next to…

Q: For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations…

A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…

Q: Segmental duplications play an important role in evolution by a. giving rise to new genes and…

A: Evolution is a process of the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations…

Q: In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then briefly suggest by…

A: Often in the course of evolution, various strategies are followed for the expression of certain…

Q: How did the different members of families of genes, such as hemoglobin, arise…

A: During the evolution of vertebrates duplicated haemoglobin genes diverged with respect to functional…

Q: A common misconception of evolution is that it should naturally eliminate "harmful"…

A: The Mendelian inheritance demonstrated that genes exist in two allelic structures, one of the…

Q: Charles Darwin had so many observations after his voyage through the HMS beagle. What Darwinian…

A: The Galapagos archipelago is dominated by these finches. The finches living in Galapagos islands…

Q: Discuss Ohno’s hypothesis on the role of gene duplication in the process of evolution. What evidence…

A: Genes are the stretch of DNA that code for specific polypeptides.

Q: At the beginning of the 20th century, scientists argued whether DNA or protein would be the element…

A: DNA is a double-stranded molecule coiled around each other forming a double helix. Each strand is…

Concept explainers

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.

Question

100%

Expert Solution

This question has been solved!

Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Step 1

VIEW

Step 2

VIEW

Step by step

Solved in 2 steps

SEE SOLUTION Check out a sample Q&A here

Knowledge Booster

Learn more about

Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.

Similar questions

In your own words, define the terms “orthologous” and “paralogous” genes. Then briefly suggest by what mechanism, during evolution, each of these is most likely to have arisen.
For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.
Fill the blank New genes can arise during evolution through: (i) exonshuffling, which can alter the domain structure of proteins;(ii) duplication and divergence that generates gene families;and (iii)_______ mutations in intergenic DNA sequences.
What is a gene? Why are regulatory genes important to the evolutionary process? What is a mutation as defined in this course and readings. Are the end results of a mutation always "good" or always "bad"? Or is a mutation perhaps neither always good or always bad and could be "neutral or no effect" or "adaptive" in some situations? Does it depend on the gene, amino acid, protein, and case-by-case scenario? What genetic evidence suggests that humans are a part of a biological continuum with all life forms. Does the number of genes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism? Does the number of chromosomes in a biological organism correlate, predict, or denote the complexity of the organism?
Geneticists study mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA to determine the ancestry of modern humans. Such studies have led to the emergence of mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam, whose features above are a far-cry from an artist's interpretation of the Biblical narrative. Their progeny came to have the range of physical features now described as racial differences. How has modern genomics contributed to the debate about the validity and definition of these hypothetical parents and their descendants?
In what sense does the universality of the genetic code support the theory of evolution?
Which of the proteins is changing at the slowest rate and is most conserved? OA OB Oc O cannot be determined based on this graph
You are collaborating with a cool new local brewery on an experiment with one of their strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brewer’s yeast. You decide to apply what you learned in Evolution to create a mutation accumulation (MA) line to see if the patterns of mutation in their strain of S. cerevisiae follow patterns seen in other species. Which of the following best describes an actual result you observe form studying the mutation accumulation (MA) lines you created? a. Beneficial mutations occur far less frequently than deleterious mutations do. b. The neutral mutations had a greater effect on fitness compared to other mutation types. c. Most of the mutations that occur are the result of large chromosomal rearrangements. d. Of all possible mutation types, deleterious mutations are the most common mutation.
Should similarities in the DNA sequences of genes be considered evolutionary homology? Explain.
What is the difference between a neutral and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be neutral or adaptive.
Geneticists study mitochondrial and Y-chromosome DNA to determine the ancestry of modern humans. Such studies have led to the emergence of mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosome Adam, whose features above are a far-cry from an artist's interpretation of the Biblical narrative. Their progeny came to have the range of physical features now described as racial differences. How has modern genomics contributed to the debate about the validity and definition of these hypothetical parents and their descendants? References:
Gregor Mendel never saw a gene, yet he concluded that some inherited factors were responsible for the patterns of inheritance he observed in peas. Similarly, maps of Drosophila chromosomes (and the very idea that genes are carried on chromosomes) were conceived by observing the patterns of inheritance of linked genes, not by observing the genes directly. Is it legitimate for biologists to claim the existence of objects and processes they cannot actually see? How do scientists know whether an explanation is correct?