Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 13.5, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The gain of energy by the cell through the action of enzyme dihydroxyacetone kinase that phosphorylates dihydroxyacetone to dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Introduction:
In a cell, catabolism of glucose is a very common source of energy. Glucose also serves as a substrate for the synthesis of five-carbon sugars for the formation of
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Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate.
The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a substrate. A well‑known kinase is hexokinase. Hexokinase catalyzes the first step of the glycolysis cycle, and converts glucose to glucose‑6‑phosphate.
The reaction of glucose with ATP is shown. The enzyme‑bound base is abbreviated as :B−, and ATP is abbreviated as a diphosphate bonded to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
The first arrow of the reaction mechanism is drawn for you; draw the remaining curved arrows to show how phosphorylation occurs.
In hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP
and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme complex. The enzyme then transfers the phosphoryl group directly from ATP
to glucose.
Select the advantages of phosphoryl group transfer compared to hydrolysis and subsequent phosphorylation?
Glucokinase increases the transition state energy, favoring glucose phosphorylation.
Reaction intermediates do not need to be present in excess.
The process takes advantage of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP.
ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically unfavorable compared to group transfer.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- What is the advantage of using ATP as a common energy source?Another way of asking this question is, “Why does ATP provide anadvantage over using a bunch of different food molecules?” For example,instead of just having a Na+/K+-ATPase in a cell, why not have manydifferent ion pumps, each driven by a different food molecule, like aNa+/K+-glucosase (a pump that uses glucose), a Na+/K+-sucrase (a pumpthat uses sucrose), a Na+/K+-fatty acidase (a pump that uses fatty acids),and so on?arrow_forwardThe following reaction would most likely be catalyzed by an enzyme of which class? sucrose + H2O → glucose + fructosearrow_forwardUpon entering a cell, glucose is phosphorylated. Give tworeasons why this reaction is required.arrow_forward
- What type of enzyme is responsible for initiating the process of glycolysis? O Hydrolase O Phosphorylase O Kinase O Phosphatasearrow_forwardA mutation has occurred that results in phosphofructokinase not being able to bind ATP in its allosteric site. What impact will this mutation have on the production of ATP in the cell? Select one: a. If no ATP can bind to the allosteric site, then phosphofructokinase will not be able to add the phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glycolysis will not work. So no pyruvate, not cellular respiration. b. If ATP cannot bind to the allosteric site, phosphofructokinase will not be activated to make more ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. c. No impact on the production but will not be able to effectively shut off over production of ATP with feedback inhibition.arrow_forwardWhy does the lack of glucose 6- phosphatase activity in the brain and muscle make good physiological sense?arrow_forward
- Look at the glycolysis pathway (Figure 22.3). With what type of reactions are kinase enzymes usually associated?arrow_forwardWhat is the function of these enzymes? Kinase Isomerase Dehydrogenase Adolase Mutate Enolasearrow_forwardWhat are the correct names of the items, I, II and III in the reaction given below? a. Fructose-6P / Phosphofructokinase / Ribose-1,6P b. Glucose-6P / Hexokinase / Glucose-1,6 P c. Fructose-6P / Glucokinase / Glucose-1,6 P d. Fructose-6P/ Phosphofructokinase / Fructose-1,6 P e. Fructose-6P / Phosphoglucose isomerase / Fructose-1,6 Parrow_forward
- Identify the enzyme that carry out the below reaction and denotes the nature of the enzyme? UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine ~ UDP + N-acetyllactosaminearrow_forwardWhich of the following conditions will produce active glycogen phosphorylase? AMP АТР Phosphorylation of Serine 14 Glucose Glucose-6-Phosphate Phosphorylation of Serine 14 and AMP Phosphorylation of Serine 14 and ATParrow_forwardWhat would be the effect on an organism’s ability to use glucose as an energy source if a mutation inactivated glucose 6-phosphatase in the liver?arrow_forward
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