Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 13, Problem 7RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The incorporation of an acetyl group by the TCA cycle and removal of two CO2 molecules.
Introduction:
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle also termed as the Krebs cycle. The catabolization of the sugar products into CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water) takes place in this reaction. During the TCA cycle, the molecules of NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen) and FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) are also generated. Other than sugars, the breakdown of Lignin, phenolic, and polycyclic
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- a.) in human, under what condition will pyruvate be converted to lactate? what type of reaction occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate? b.) in human, what happens to pyruvate when there is sufficient oxygen supply? which enzyme is involved in this chemical reaction?arrow_forwardWhat are the possivble oxidation product of catalase using H2O2 as the substrate? Explain in 1-3 sentencesarrow_forwardE3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex performs which main function? A) removing a proton from TPP forming a carbanion b) catalyzing the condensation of the TPP carbanion with pyruvate to form hydroxyethyl-TPP c) oxidation and transfer of the hydroxyethyl group to lipoic acid d) reoxidation of lipoic acid in order to keep the reaction going Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it usually takes one of two paths. The first is further oxidation in the citric acid cycle. The second is: a) conversion to oxaloacetate which generates glucose by gluconeogenesis b) synthesis of galactose c) activates transcription factors which signal the synthesis of peptidase enzymes d) it is used in the synthesis of fatty acids.arrow_forward
- In the complete b-oxidation of stearic acid (18:0), a) how many moles of acetyl CoA are produced? b) how many times would the fatty acid pass through the fatty acid spiral for complete oxidation? c) what is the total ATP produced in the citric acid cycle? d) how many moles of NADH are produced? e) how many moles of FADH2 are produced? f) how many moles of ATP are produced after all NADH are reoxidized in the respiratory chain? g) how many moles of ATP are produced after all FADH2 are reoxidized in the respiratory chain? h) how many moles of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of stearic acid?arrow_forwardAssume that the 2nd carbon atom of pyruvate is labeled with C14 and then the labeledpyruvate is allowed to undergo metabolism in liver cells.a) Write down the metabolic reactions that allow the C14 carbon atom to be incorporatedinto glutamine.b) Please indicate which carbon atom in glutamine is labeled as C14.arrow_forwardwhich of the following functions matches with the coenzyme functions: a.) facilitate redox reaction in the anabolic pathway b.) carry acyl group via a thioester bond c.) facilitate redox reaction involving C=O in the catabolic pathway d.) facilitate redox reaction involving C=C CoEnzymes to pair the functions from: NAD+ FAD NADP+ Coenzyme Aarrow_forward
- What are the energetic consequences of the TCA cycle? What are the products per each turn of TCA cycle (state molar ratio)?arrow_forwardDescribe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as wellarrow_forward1. What citric acid cycle intermediate is produced from the 3 carbon propionyl-CoA product formed in the last round of fatty acid oxidation? Propionyl-CoA is formed in the fınal oxidation round of fatty acids with an odd # of carbons. a) oxaloacetate b) alpha-ketoglutarate c) citrate d) succinyl-CoAarrow_forward
- Which of the following is true regarding the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme PEPCK? a) It produces a high energy molecule with the help of proton pumping b) It produces a high energy molecule by releasing a free CoA-SH (and therefore breaking a high energy thioester bond) c) It produces a high energy molecule with the help of decarboxylation d) None of the above are true e) It produces a high energy molecule with the help of oxidationarrow_forwardHow many acetyl CoA molecules are produced in one cycle of beta oxidation? How many cycles would it take to catabolize a stearic acid molecule (a fatty acid, [18:0]) into acetyl Co A units? a)How many acetyl CoA molecules would be produced? b) How many reduced nucleotides would be produced? c) If a molecule of glucose produces a net 32 ATP when completely catabolized, which do you think will produce more energy, one molecule of glucose or one molecule of stearic acid? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardIf the pyruvate is labelled with 14C at its carbonyl carbon, how many rounds of the TCA cycle are required before 14CO2 is released?arrow_forward
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