Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 13, Problem 6RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
Three different routes to catabolize glucose to pyruvate and the necessity of exhaustion of one or two molecules of ATP to initiate this process.
Introduction:
Glucose is the main product of catabolism in carbohydrate
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List the major pathways that convert glucose to pyruvate.
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
When 1 mole
of fructose
1,6-bisphosphate is
converted to 2 moles
of pyruvate via the
glycolysis pathway, the
net formation of: *
The overall reactions for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are given below. What is the energy cost (in
ATP equivalents) of transforming one molecule of glucose to pyruvate (via glycolysis) and back to
glucose (via gluconeogenesis)?
Gluconeogenesis:
2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2NADH + 4H₂O
Glycolysis:
Glucose + 2ADP + 2P₁ + 2NAD+ - 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H₂000
Select one:
O a. 2 ATP
O b. 4 ATP
O c. 6 ATP
O d. 8 ATP
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glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 2P₁ +
2NAD+ + 2H+
MI
21 22
00:508D DAD
1=1
SE
30: DONDOK
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- The last step of glycolysis converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Several intermediates involved in the steps for the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate via gluconeogenesis are given. Choose and place the right intermediates produced from these steps in the correct order. (Select from: Oxaloacetate, Ethanol, Pyruvate, Ketoglutarate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Malate, Fumarate) _________ → _________ → _________ → __________ → Phosphoenolpyruvatearrow_forwarda) How many moles of ATP can be gained from the catabolism of the following substrates to pyruvate? 2 Mole mannose 2 Mole lactose mole glycerol. b) Name three metabolic processes in the cell that are enhanced and two that are inhibited in response to the hormone insulinarrow_forwardOutline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:(a) Entry into the citric acid cycle(b) Conversion to ethanol and CO2(c) Conversion to lactate(d) Glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?arrow_forward
- How does the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate bring about the reversal of one of the physiologically irreversible steps of glycolysis?arrow_forwardIn glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP. Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. Include the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP + the intermediate that is created. Imagine a scenario where the PDH complex has picked up an "activating" mutation causing it to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA in an unregulated manner.There is way too much acetyl CoA than is actually necessary. Explain in a sentence or two how the body would compensate for thisarrow_forwardWrite a balanced equation for the conversion of glycerol into pyruvate. Which enzymes are required in addition to those of the glycolytic pathway?arrow_forward
- The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…arrow_forwardDefine GLUCONEOGENESIS. Give three reasons why is gluconeogenesis important in the Cori cycle?arrow_forwardWhich steps of aerobic metabolism of pyruvate through the citric acid cycle are control points?arrow_forward
- The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in what type of net formation?arrow_forwardupon digestion of starch maltose, one of its degradation products is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of maltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. question: 2. what is the total number of pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis?arrow_forwardStarting with pyruvate (CH3COCOO—) as the precursor, the first step of gluconeogenesis is activation of pyruvate. Show the reaction for activation of pyruvate. Name the enzyme and coenzyme for this reaction. Why is the activation step necessary? What is the next step after the activation step?arrow_forward
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