Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 13.3, Problem 4TQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The effect on the cell in case pyruvate kinase catalyzes PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) conversion to pyruvate without coupling with ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production.
Introduction:
The reactions must be carried out very precisely and with coordination in all the living cells. The activation energy determines the
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DCCD (diocyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is mitochondrial NADH. DCCD is a drug that binds to ATP synthase and blocks proton transport through the ion channel.
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Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- Arrange the sequence of events in Oxidative Phosphorylation. (1-5) As the H+ ions move through the ATP synthase it'll provide the power to make the ATP synthase to turn. As it turns, a phosphate group is added to an ADP, forming a proton gradient-energy as ATP. With the help of a channel protein called ATP synthase, these H* ions are transferred back to the matrix. The electrons are passed to another electron carrier called cytochrome C (cyt C), which carries the = electrons to enzyme complex IV. Here, the last batch of H* ions are pumped into the intermembrane space. Enzyme complexes I and Il then transport the electrons through ubiquinone (Q), a mobile electron carrier. Q is reduced to QH, in the process and delivers the electrons to enzyme complex III. As this happens, more H* ions are pumped into the intermembrane space. The NADH and FADH2 produced from the previous stages of cellular respiration bring electrons across the transport chain to initiate the oxidative phosphorylation.arrow_forwardWhat steps in glycolysis generate substrate-level phosphorylation, and how many ATP molecules are generated in this way in this pathway? How does the generation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation differ from ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation?arrow_forwardIn the conversion of glucose into two molecules of lactate, the NADH generated earlier in the pathway is oxidized to NAD +. Why is it not to the cell’s advantage to simply make more NAD+ so that the regeneration would not be necessary? After all, the cell would save much energy because it would no longer need to synthesize lactic acid dehydrogenase.arrow_forward
- Freshly prepared mitochondria were incubated with β-hydroxybutyrate, oxidized cytochrome c, ADP, Pi, and cyanide. β-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized by an NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase. The experimenter measured the rate of oxidation of β-hydroxybutyrate andthe rate of formation of ATP.(a) Indicate the probable flow of electrons in this system.(b) How many moles of ATP would you expect to be formed per mole ofβ-hydroxybutyrate oxidized in this system?(c) Why is b-hydroxybutyrate added rather than NADH?(d) What is the function of the cyanide?(e) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction occurring in thissystem (electron transport and ATP synthesis). (f) Calculate the net standard free energy change (ΔG°') in this system,using E'0 values from Table 14.1 and a ΔG°' value for ATP hydrolysisof -32.2 kJ/mol.arrow_forwardWhy is the cell's ability to regenerate NAD+ critical to glycolysis? Which step of glycolysis requires NAD*?arrow_forwardGlucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase in the first step of the glycolytic pathway to trap it in the cell, as G6P cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer. This reaction also decreases the concentration of free glucose, favoring additional import of the molecule. However, this has a postive standard free energy of 3 kcal per mole. To favor this reaction, hydrolysis of ATP is coupled, which has a standard free energy of -7 kcal per mole. Determine the actual free energy change in kcal/mole for the following conditions: Glucose concentration: 4.5 mM ATP conc: 3.79 mM G6P conc. 0.052 mM ADP conc: 0.12 mM inorganic phosphate conc: 1.3 mM temperature: 313 K Ans. in 3 SFs.arrow_forward
- Do you mean that "reaction themodynamically favorable" is the same as irreversible? PFK-1 conversion of Pyruvate is ADP to ATP, how would you explain this?arrow_forwardA poison that prevents the transfer of electrons from the last [Fe-S] cluster of Complex I to coenzyme Q is added to a suspension of actively respiring mitochondria. Which of the following will be observed? ATP production would be impaired due to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport. ATP production would be reduced due to inhibition of the CoQ subunit of ATP synthase. ATP production would be reduced due to a decrease in the number of protons pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix. ATP production would be halted completely due to the block in electron transport through the electron transport chain.arrow_forwardA more recent role of E2 within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex involves localization to the nucleus to act in which of the following? Signal transduction Block electron transport Enhanced levels of ATP biosynthesis Aid in apoptosis Enhanced proton motive forcearrow_forward
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