Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393615098
Author: John W. Foster, Joan L. Slonczewski
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 13.3, Problem 1TQ
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
1. The value of ΔG°’ (Gibbs free energy at standard conditions), when ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) phosphorylates glucose and pyruvate.
2. Phosphorylation of ATP to pyruvate and the requirement of additional energy in this reaction.
Introduction:
Reactions are carried out in a stepwise manner to save energy for different cell functions and biosynthesis. For this purpose, the cell uses energy carriers. These molecules store and release energy during various reactions. They act as a source of energy for a variety of biochemical reactions. The ATP and NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) are examples of energy carriers.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Assuming all the NADH+H+ and FADH2 are used for oxidative phosphorylation, how many net ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? (hint: don’t forget to also include substrate level phosphorylation)
Decylic acid is a saturated fatty
acid that occurs naturally in
coconut oil and palm kernel oil.
Calculate the net ATP yield when
decylic acid undergoes complete
B oxidation. The formula of
decylic acid is shown below:
(Given: The oxidation of one
NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the
oxidation of one FADH2 yields
1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of
one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP.)
O 50 ATP
O 52 ATP
66 ATP
OH
O 64 ATP
The AG of the reaction C6H12O6 + 60₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O is -686 kcal/mol glucose oxidized. The AG of the reaction ADP + P₁ --> ATP + H₂O is + 7.3 kcal/mol ATP synthesized.
The oxidation of glucose can be coupled to the synthesis of ATP. If the coupling is 50% efficient, how many molecules of ATP can be synthesized per molecule of glucose
oxidized? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
Chapter 13 Solutions
Microbiology: An Evolving Science (Fourth Edition)
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- You know that the free energy of ATP hydrolysis depends on the ATP/ADP ratio. Given that under standard conditions DGo = -30.5 kJ/mol, what should be DG of ATP hydrolysis under normal intracellular concentrations? [ATP] = 2.3 mM, [ADP] = 0.25 mM, [Pi] = 1.65 mM What is the energy of ATP hydrolysis in a cell that is ATP-depleted? [ATP] = 0.1 mM, [ADP] = 2.8 mM, [Pi] = 1.65 mMarrow_forwardThe malate–aspartate shuttle yields about2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why doesnature use the glycerol–phosphate shuttle, which yields only about1.5 moles of ATP?arrow_forwardThe standard free energy of hydrolysis of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is about −20 kJ/mol for each Pi released. We calculated in Worked Example 13–2 that, in a cell, it takes about 50 kJ/mol of energy to synthesize ATPfrom ADP and Pi. Is it feasible for a cell to use polyphosphate to synthesize ATP from ADP? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
- Assuming that the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle is operative, a complete oxidation of three molecules of glucose (by a eukaryotic cell) into carbon dioxide and water would produce approximately ATP molecules via oxidative phosphorylation only. (Consider NADH = 2.5 ATP and FADH2 = 1.5 ATP)arrow_forwardHow many ATP molecules could maximally be generated from one molecule of glucose, if the complete oxidation of 1 mole of glucose to CO2 and H2O yields 686 kcal of free energy and the useful chemical energy available in the high- energy phosphate bond of 1 mole of ATP is 12 kcal?arrow_forwardA new ATP-producing protein is discovered that couples ATP production to the oxidation of NADPH by oxidative phosphorylation. Assume that the value of ΔGo for ATP synthesis is 30 kJ•mol−1. If this protein only produces 1 molecule of ATP per reaction that consumes one NADPH: a. How much free energy is wasted, under standard conditions?b. How many more ATP molecules could be created by a perfectly efficient electron transport chain from one NADPH?arrow_forward
- Complete catabolism of one glucose molecule yields 38 ATP molecules. How many moles of ATP are produced by the complete catabolism of 10 moles of glucose?arrow_forwardImagine a triglyceride comprised of (3) saturated C12 fatty acids. Calculate the number of ATP generated from the complete oxidation of one of these 12-carbon fatty acids to CO2 and water in the liver. Assume that each NADH = 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 = ETC generates 1.5 ATP. Any step that yields pyrophosphate as a product should be treated as an input (i.e. net loss) of (2) ATP.arrow_forwardThe table contains the standard free energies of hydrolysis of phosphorylated compounds. Use the values in the table to answer questions about phosphorylation reactions in glycolysis. Compound kJ mol-1 kcal mol-1 Phosphoenolpyruvate -61.9 -14.8 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate -49.4 -11.8 Creatine phosphate -43.1 -10.3 ATP (to ADP) -30.5 -7.3 Glucose 1-phosphate -20.9 -5.0 Pyrophosphate -19.3 -4.6 Glucose 6-phosphate -13.8 -3.3 Glycerol 3-phosphate -9.2 -2.2arrow_forward
- The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 1-phosphate requires 5.0 kcal/mol of energy. This unfavorable reaction can be driven by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. (a) Write the equation for the coupled reaction. (b) How much energy is released in the coupled reaction? glucose + HPO4---------->2– glucose 1-phosphate + H2Oarrow_forwardThe ΔG of the following reaction is –2.8 kcal/mol: acetyl phosphate + ADP ↔ acetate + ATP Is ADP greater than, lesser than, or equal to acetate in its affinity for phosphate? If there were no fermentation when molecular oxygen is unavailable (anaerobic respiration), how would this affect glycolysis? Briefly explain your answer.arrow_forwardIn the third step of glycolysis, the given reactions are coupled. reaction 1: fructose-6-phosphate + Pi ⟶ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O (Δ? = −28 kJ/mol) reaction 2: ATP + H2O ⟶ ADP + Pi (Δ? = +13.8 kJ/mol) Calculate the overall ΔG (kJ/mol) for the coupled reaction.arrow_forward
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