Chapter 8.3, Problem 24LC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The shape of the hybridization $s{p}^2$ is to be classified.

Concept Introduction: In chemistry, hybridization combines two atomic orbitals to create a brand-new category of hybridized orbitals. The molecular morphologies can be well explained by the VSEPR hypothesis.

Answer to Problem 24LC

The shape of the hybridization $s{p}^2$ is a trigonal planar shape.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular bonding and shape information are both revealed by orbital hybridization.

The carbon atom with $s{p}^2$ means the carbon atom has a double bond in it.

Hybridization plays a vital role in describing double covalent bonds.

Consider a simple molecule ethene where there is a double bond between carbon and carbon and a single bond between carbon and hydrogen.

  

The hybridization of $s{p}^2$ is achieved by combining one $2s$ and two $2p$ atomic orbitals of carbon.

Each hybrid orbital is separated by ${120}^{\circ }$ .

The shape of $s{p}^2$ hybridized carbon atom is trigonal planar.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The shape of the hybridization $s{p}^3$ is to be classified.

Concept Introduction: In chemistry, hybridization combines two atomic orbitals to create a brand-new category of hybridized orbitals. The molecular morphologies can be well explained by the VSEPR hypothesis.

Answer to Problem 24LC

The shape of the hybridization $s{p}^3$ is tetrahedral.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular bonding and shape information are both revealed by orbital hybridization.

The carbon atom with $s{p}^3$ means the carbon atom has a single bond with its substituents.

Consider a simple molecule methane where there is carbon in the center and there are four single bonds between carbon and hydrogen.

  

The hybridization of $s{p}^3$ is achieved by combining one $2s$ orbital and three $2p$ orbitals of carbon.

Each hybrid orbital is separated by ${109.5}^{\circ }$ .

The shape of $s{p}^3$ hybridized carbon atom is tetrahedral.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The shape of the hybridization $s{p}^2$ is to be classified.

Concept Introduction: In chemistry, hybridization combines two atomic orbitals to create a brand-new category of hybridized orbitals. The molecular morphologies can be well explained by the VSEPR hypothesis.

Answer to Problem 24LC

The shape of the hybridization $sp$ is linear.

Explanation of Solution

Molecular bonding and shape information are both revealed by orbital hybridization.

The carbon atom with $sp$ means the carbon atom has a triple bond in it.

Hybridization plays a vital role in describing triple covalent bonds.

Consider a single molecule of acetylene where there is a triple bond between carbon and carbon and a single bond between carbon and hydrogen.

  

The hybridization of $sp$ is achieved by combining one $2s$ orbital and one of the three $2p$ atomic orbitals of carbon.

Each hybrid orbital is separated by ${180}^{\circ }$ .

The shape of $sp$ hybridized carbon atom is linear.