Chapter 8, Problem 57A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrons shared by sulfur to achieve an octet of electrons.

Concept introduction:

The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valance shells.

Answer to Problem 57A

Sulfur is a chemical element having the symbol of $\text{'S'}$ with atomic number $\text{16}$ . Sulfur forms two covalent bonds by using its two unpaired electrons.

Explanation of Solution

Sulfur forms two covalent bonds by using its two unpaired electrons with the four electrons from its two lone pairs, which makes a total number of eight electrons. Hence, sulfur follows the octet rule.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrons shared by carbon to achieve an octet of electrons

Concept Interpretation:

The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valance shells.

Answer to Problem 57A

Carbons make four covalent bonds where it shares four pair of electrons.

Explanation of Solution

By sharing four pairs of electrons through the formation of four covalent bonds, carbon fills its outer energy level and achieves stability. Hence, it fulfills the octet rule.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrons shared by Nitrogen to achieve an octet of electrons.

Concept Interpretation:

The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valance shells.

Answer to Problem 57A

Three covalent bonds are formed when nitrogen shares its three electrons.

Explanation of Solution

Nitrogen has $5$ valence electrons. Instead of losing its five electrons, it can either donate three electrons or acquire three electrons to complete its octet. Nitrogen may share its three electrons to complete its octet.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrons shared by Bromine to achieve an octet of electrons.

Concept Interpretation:

The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valance shells.

Answer to Problem 57A

Bromine can form one covalent bond as it requires only one electron to complete its octet.

Explanation of Solution

Bromine atoms contain $7$ electrons in their outermost valence shell it needs only one electron to complete their octet. It forms one covalent bond with another atom or with itself $\left({\text{Br}}_{\text{2}}\right)$ . Two bromine atoms join for stability and complete the octet.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The electrons shared by Iodine to achieve an octet of electrons.

Concept Interpretation:

The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have eight electrons in their valance shells.

Answer to Problem 57A

Iodine normally only forms one covalent bond due to its seven valence electrons.

Explanation of Solution

Iodine normally only forms one covalent bond due to its seven-valence electron it is a diatomic molecule.