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Heavy crude oil (SG = 0.925 and ν = 1.0 × 10−4 m2/s) is pumped through a pipeline laid on flat ground. The line is made from steel pipe with 600 mm ID and has a wall thickness of 12 mm. The allowable tensile stress in the pipe wall is limited to 275 MPa by corrosion considerations. It is important to keep the oil under pressure to ensure that gases remain in solution. The minimum recommended pressure is 500 kPa. The pipeline carries a flow of 400,000 barrels (in the petroleum industry, a “barrel” is 42 gal) per day. Determine the maximum spacing between pumping stations. Compute the power added to the oil at each pumping station.
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