Genetics: Analysis and Principles
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259616020
Author: Robert J. Brooker Professor Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 7, Problem 10EQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
An experiment must be designed that could show that the recombinant bacterium has been transduced or transformed.
Introduction:
Bacteria can transmit its genetic matter naturally by various mechanisms, one of which is transduction and another one is transformation. Transduction is a technique by which the bacterial genetic material moves one bacterial cell to another via bacteriophages. The transformation is a technique, which takes foreign DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from its surrounding environment.
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In Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophages protein coats were tagged with radioactive isotope S-32. These phages were used to infect E. coli cells and the cells were further centrifuged to form pellets.
Why was the radioactivity level of S-32 found greater outside the cells compared to the E. coli cell pellets? Explain briefly.
If the experiment is repeated in the same manner but this time the phage protein coats are labelled with isotope X and the phage DNA with isotope Y, which isotope’s radioactivity will be found in greater amounts in the E. coli cell pellets after centrifugation? Explain briefly.
In order to determine the genetic material of a T2 phage, Alfred Hershey and
Martha Chase conducted experiments using T2 phages that infected bacteria. In
one treatment, they grew phages with radioactive sulfur. In another treatment,
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phages to infect bacterial cells. After infection, they found that only bacteria
infected with phages grown with radioactive phosphorous showed any
radioactivity. Why did they use radioactive sulfur and phosphorous for this
experiment? *
O Sulfur is part of the DNA molecule but not part of a protein molecule.
Sulfur and phosphorous are some of the most reactive molecules and are easily
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O Phosphorous is part of the DNA molecule but not part of a protein molecule.
A researcher is studying the rII locus of phage T4. FourrII− strains are obtained: A, B, C, and D. In the first experiment, E. coli strain K(λ) is coinfected with two rII− strains simultaneously and the results are recorded.
Infection with A and B phage = lysis occurs
Infection with A and C phage = lysis occurs
Infection with B and C phage = no lysis occurs
Infection with B and D phage = no lysis occurs
Infection with C and D phage = no lysis occurs
In a second experiment, coinfections are performed first in E. coli strain B, then the progeny phage are used to infect E. coli strain K(λ).
Progeny of A and B phage = plaques form
Progeny of B and C phage = plaques form
Progeny of C and D phage = plaques form
Progeny of B and D phage = no plaques from
Which conclusions are consistent with these data? Why?
A) Strains A and B carry mutations in the same gene.
B) Strains B and D both carry the same mutation.
C) Strains B, C, and D carry mutations in the same gene.
D)…
Chapter 7 Solutions
Genetics: Analysis and Principles
Ch. 7.1 - 1. A form of genetic transfer that involves the...Ch. 7.2 - 1. A bacterial cell with an F factor conjugates...Ch. 7.2 - 2. Which of the following is a type of plasmid?...Ch. 7.3 - 1. With regard to conjugation, a key difference...Ch. 7.3 - 2. In mapping experiments, ______ strains are...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 7.4 - Cotransduction may be used to map bacterial genes...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1COMQCh. 7.5 - Prob. 2COMQCh. 7.6 - 1. Which of the following is an example of...
Ch. 7 - 1. The terms conjugation, transduction, and...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2CONQCh. 7 - If you mix together an equal number of F+ and F...Ch. 7 - What is the difference between an F+ and an Hfr...Ch. 7 - 5. What is the role of the origin of transfer...Ch. 7 - 6. What is the role of sex pili during...Ch. 7 - Prob. 7CONQCh. 7 - Prob. 8CONQCh. 7 - Prob. 9CONQCh. 7 - 10. What is cotransduction? What determines the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 11CONQCh. 7 - Prob. 12CONQCh. 7 - Describe the steps that occur during bacterial...Ch. 7 - Prob. 14CONQCh. 7 - Prob. 15CONQCh. 7 - Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin,...Ch. 7 - Prob. 1EQCh. 7 - 2. In the experiment of Figure 7.1, Lederberg and...Ch. 7 - Explain how a U-tube apparatus can distinguish...Ch. 7 - Prob. 4EQCh. 7 - 5. In a conjugation experiment, what is meant by...Ch. 7 - In your laboratory, you have an F strain of E....Ch. 7 - 7. As mentioned in question 2 of More Genetic...Ch. 7 - An Hfr strain that is hisE+ and pheA+ was mixed...Ch. 7 - Acridine orange is a chemical that inhibits the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 10EQCh. 7 - Prob. 11EQCh. 7 - Lets suppose a new strain of P1 phage has been...Ch. 7 - If two bacterial genes are 0.6 minute apart on the...Ch. 7 - 14. In a cotransduction experiment involving P1,...Ch. 7 - Prob. 15EQCh. 7 - Prob. 16EQCh. 7 - 1. Discuss the advantages of the genetic analysis...Ch. 7 - Prob. 2QSDC
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- The linear dsDNA genome of λ binds on the LamB receptor of E. Coli and conducts a normal lysogenic cycle. Exposure to stress will cause the excision of λ prophage from the E. Coli genome. The excised λ genome is then replicated, packaged, and released from the cell as mature λ phage particles and ready to infect other bacterial cells. Among λ phage particles,the transducing phage mediates a specific type of recombination. Understand this scenario and answer the following questions. 1. What are the basic requirements for the insertion of λ into the E. Coli genome? 2. What special features are found in the λ insertion site? 3. What type of recombination occurs with λ insertion in the E. Coli genome? 4. How you will differentiate λ transducing phage from normal λ phage? 5. What exclusive mechanism λ phage utilizes for recombination?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is not applicable to conjugation? A) OF factors are transferrable plasmids passed from one cell to another during conjugation. B) O During conjugation, rolling circle replication transfers an F factor from an F+ cell to an F- cell. ) O An F factor acquired during conjugation will automatically be integrated into the recipient's chromosome. D) O Conjugation requires physical contact between cells via the formation of a sex pilus. E) O An Hfr strain is capable of transferring a portion of the chromosome during conjugation.arrow_forwardIn which of the four processes shown can material from a bacterial genome be transferred from one cell to another? Which are forms of horizontal transmission? Place the answer(s) in the cell highlighting that process. Partial genome transfer by DNA uptake Transformation Answer Bank material from a bacterial genome horizontal gene transfer Conjugation Plasmids Conjugation Genome Plasmid transfer during conjugation Partial genome transfer during conjugation Virus Transduction Transfer as part of viral genomearrow_forward
- Which of the statements is TRUE about conjugation? a) Plasmid DNA is transferred from a donor (F+) cell b) It may only be performed by competent cells c) DNA is always integrated into recipient chromosome d) It may be specialized or generalizedarrow_forwardIf we were to examine a strain with the F plasmid inserted into the same site of the bacterial chromosome, but in the reverse orientation: a) What would the order of gene transfer be? Include all of the genetic markers including the amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism genes and streptomycin resistance. b) What cell types would be able to grow on the NA vs ECM media types? Be sure to include the genotypes of the cells that would grow. Remember that NA provides all nutrients the bacteria needs + no antibiotic and HCM = minimal medium + glucose + has streptomycin antibiotic c) Would we still be able to perform our mapping? Why or why not? (Hint: refer to part b above)arrow_forwarda bacteriophage has been isolated from the growth chambers that has evolved the capability to the methylate its own DNA when it is replicated inside the host bacterium. why is this a problem?arrow_forward
- When various strains of λ phage are seeded on a lawn of E. coli, they can form clear or turbid plaques. (b) For mutant λ phages that can only form clear plaques, give two different types of mutation in the phage that can explain the clear plaque phenotype.arrow_forwardBacterial conjugation has medical consequences. For example, certain plasmids contain genes that code for toxins. The causative agent of a deadly form of food poisoning, E. coli 0157, synthesizes a toxin that causes massive bloody diarrhea and kidney failure. This toxin is now believed to have originated in Shigella, another bacterium that causes dysentery. Similarly, the growing problem of antibiotic resistance is partly attributable to the spread of antibioticresistant genes among bacterial populations. Antibiotic resistance develops because antibiotics are overused in medical practice and in livestock feeds. Suggest a mechanism by which this extensive use promotes antibiotic resistance.arrow_forwardYou are attempting to propagate bacteriophage of Bacillus cereus using a liquid batch culture. A growing culture of B. cereus is inoculated with your bacteriophage. The day before you tested the bacteria and the phage batch and they both behaved as expected. You made sure that all containers are labeled appropriately. Immediately after inoculation, you take a sample but are unable to detect any bacteriophage in the media. What is the most likely explanation? O You used the wrong bacteria or the wrong bacteriophage. There is an issue with the phage batch. O There is a problem with your bacterial culture of B. cereus. O It is too soon. The bacteriophages are still replicating and assembling inside the bacterial cells and are therefore not detectable in the growth media.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is NOT true about transduction? The bacteriophage's own viral DNA is the source of new genes for bacterial recombination Pieces of donor bacterial DNA can be inserted into the recipient bacterial cell's chromosome None of the other four answers (All are true statements about transduction) O Genetic recombination can result from bacteriophage (phage) virus infection of bacteria During the assembly of new phage particles, pieces of bacterial DNA are sometimes mistakenly inserted into new virus particles instead of phage (viral) DNAarrow_forwardThe figure below shows a partial chromosome map of an E. coli Hfr strain. Each mark = 10 minutes between conjugation transfer time. If transfer of genes begins at “*” relative to the origin of transfer, what is one of the predicted results from this map? It would take less than 30 minutes to transfer all of the genes that are shown. gal and azi will rarely be transferred together. gal and ton will rarely be transferred together. Ten minutes after transfer of ton, lac will be transferred. This strain will produce very few gal recombinants.arrow_forwardWhy is a webbed plate capable of producing a higher lysate titer (pfu/mL) than a cleared plate? a.) A webbed plate has plaques that have gone through more rounds of replication because the number of host cells did not limit phage replication, creating exponentially more phage particles b.) A webbed plate has no more host available for replication, meaning the plate is full of exponentially higher amounts of phage c.) A cleared plate has less bacteria than a webbed plate, so there are more plaques present d.) A cleared plate contains more phage than a webbed plate because it started with a more concentrated phage samplearrow_forward
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genetic recombination strategies of bacteria CONJUGATION, TRANSDUCTION AND TRANSFORMATION; Author: Scientist Cindy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Va8FZJEl9A;License: Standard youtube license