Concept explainers
(a)
To determine: Whether knowing the plasma concentration of sodium ion tells about its concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF).
Introduction: The body fluid is divided into two compartments. The two body fluid compartments are ECF and ICF. ECF is the extracellular fluid, and ICF is the intracellular fluid.
(b)
To determine: Whether knowing the plasma concentration of potassium ion tells about its concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) and the reason for this.
Introduction: Intracellular fluid is two-thirds of the total body fluid. The extracellular fluid is the buffer between the cells and the environment outside the body.
(c)
To determine: Whether knowing the plasma concentration of water tells about its concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) and the reason for this.
Introduction: The body has two compartments: cells and the fluid that surrounds cells. The fluid compartment outside the cell is known as ECF, and the fluid compartment inside the cell is the intracellular fluid.
(d)
To determine: Whether knowing the plasma concentration of proteins tells about its concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) and the reason for this.
Introduction: Plasma is the yellowish liquid matrix of the blood. Plasma carries water, salt, nad other material in the body. The main function of plasma is to transport hormones, nutrients, and proteins..
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- The normal range of the sodium electrolyte in the body is 134 to 145 mEq/L. The term mEq is dependent on the charge of the ion. Since sodium is a +1 ion, 134 mEq/L is the same as 134 mmol/L. An ion that has a greater positive or negative charge; however, will have 1 mEq for each positive or negative charge of the ion for every 1 mmol. For example, for Ca+2, 2mEq/1mmol. If the standard range of Magnesium in the body is 0.70 to 0.95 mmol/L, convert this value into mEq/L for the Mg2+ ion. (Use dimensional analysis to figure this out)arrow_forwardCalculate the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], for each of the following materials: (a) Blood plasma, pH 7.4 (b) Orange juice, pH 3.5 (c) Human urine, pH 6.2 (d) Household ammonia, pH 11.5 (e) Gastric juice, pH 1.8arrow_forwardThiopental is a general anesthesia that takes effect within a minute. Suppose 75 mg of thiopental in a 25 mg/m solution is slowly induced in an adult patient over a period of 30 seconds. What is the flow rate of thiopental in units of milliliters per second? ml per secondarrow_forward
- A 78-year-old lady receiving treatment for hypertension was investigated by her doctor by monitoring renal function tests (reference ranges are given in brackets): 142 mmol/L 2.2 mmol/L Sodium Potassium Urea Creatinine Comment on these results. 8.9 mmol/L 142 μmol/L (135-145) (3.5-5.0) (3.5-6.6) (70-150)arrow_forwardGout is caused by an error in metabolism that leads to abuildup of uric acid in body fluids, which is deposited as slightlysoluble sodium urate (C₅H₃N₄O₃Na) in the joints. If the extra-cellular [Na⁺] is 0.15 Mand the solubility of sodium urate is0.085 g/100. mL, what is the minimum urate ion concentration(abbreviated [Ur⁻]) that will cause a deposit of sodium urate?arrow_forwardThiopental is a general anesthesia that takes effect within a minute. Suppose 75 mg of thiopental in a 25 mg/ml solution is slowly induced in an adult patient over a period of 30 seconds. What is the flow rate of thiopental in units of milliliters per second? ml per secondarrow_forward
- Hemodialysis is a process by which a machine is used to filter urea and other waste products from an individual’s blood when the kidneys fail. The concentration of urea in the blood is often modeled as exponential decay by the following function: −Kt c(t)=c0e V where K is the mass transfer coefficient (in mL/min), c(t) is the urea concentration in the blood at time t (in mg/mL) and V is the blood volume., and c0 is the initial concentration at time t = 0. Answer the following questions:(a) How long should a patient be put on dialysis to reduce the blood urea concentration from an initial value of 1.65 mg/mL to 0.60 mg/mL, given that K = 340 mL/min and V = 32, 941 mL? b) Derive a general formula for the dialysis time T , in terms of the initial urea concentration c0 and he target urea concentration c (T ) (c) The quantity Kt, is sometimes used as a measure of dialysis treatment adequacy. What are its V units and explain what does this quantity represent?arrow_forwardA patient suffers from hypokalaemia, and is prescribed an intravenous infusion of 0.15% potassium chloride (KCl) to correct this imbalance. She is to receive 50 mL 0.15% KCl over 4 hours. How many mmol/hour of potassium is she receiving? (0.15% KCl contains 20 mmol potassium per litre)arrow_forwardA kidney patient is receiving dialysis to adjust the solutes in his blood to normal values. Assume the dialysis bag is permeable to urea, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate to determine which way each molecule would move. Normal Blood Values: Urea: 7-20 mg/dcl Potassium: 3.6-5.2 mg/dcl Sodium: 135-145 mg/dcl Bicarbonate: 23-30 mg/dcl Renal Patient's Blood Urea: 30 mg/dcl Potassium: 7 mg/dcl Sodium: 128 mg/dcl Bicarbonate: 27 mg/dcl Using the information above, state whether the concentration of solutes in the dialysate solution should be greater than, lesser than, or equal to the concentration of solutes in the patient's blood. Urea: [ Select ] Potassium: [ Select ] Sodium: [ Select ] Bicarbonate: [ Select ] > >arrow_forward
- The steroid nandrolone, which is found naturally in horses, is administered to racing horses to aid in recovery. Because it is an anabolic steroid, nandrolone levels in excess of normal background levels disqualify a horse from racing. For example, to race in the Kentucky Derby, a gelding (a castrated male horse) may have no more than 1 ng/mL in the urine, whereas an unaltered male horse may have no more than 45 ng/mL of the metabolite estrane-3,17-diol in the urine. Knowing that nandrolone is an anabolic steroid, which hormone would you expect it to closely resemble? (testosterone cortisol O progesterone O epinephrine antidiuretic hormone During metabolism, carbon 3 and carbon 4 of nandrolone are reduced, forming the metabolite estrane-3,17-diol. Modify nandrolone to give estrane-3,17-diol. Select Draw Rings More Erase S с O 0 H ✪ ا قد 2 oarrow_forwardHarry ate a late meal at a cheap diner on the way home from work.A couple of hours later, he vomited three times, and then he consumed several packages of an antacid (mostly NaHCO3) over thenext several hours. By the evening of the next day, he was feelingbetter. During this ordeal, his blood pH did not deviate significantly.Select the mechanism(s) that helped maintain Harry’s pH within anormal range.(1) increased respiratory rate(2) increased H+ secretion by the renal tubule(3) decreased respiratory rate(4) decreased H+ secretion by the renal tubulea. 1 b. 2 c. 1,2 d. 3 e. 3,4arrow_forwardYou are a nurse who frequently cares for postsurgical patients in your hospital unit. Most of the medical-surgical patients have IV fluids infusing during their admission. Due to the frequent use of IV fluids on your floor, understanding fluid balance and electrolyte function is primary to your nursing practice. Describe how hypovolemia and third-space fluid shift correlate. Outline the major difference between hypovolemia and third-space fluid shift.arrow_forward
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