Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 35P
Do the data that Mendel obtained fit his hypotheses? For example, Mendel obtained 315 yellow round, 101 yellow wrinkled, 108 green round, and 32 green wrinkled seeds from the selfing of Yy Rr individuals (a total of 556). His hypotheses of segregation and independent assortment predict a 9:3:3:1 ratio in this case. Use the chi-square test to determine whether Mendel’s data are significantly different from what he predicted. (The chi-square test did not exist in Mendel’s day, so he was not able to test his own data for goodness of fit to his hypotheses.)
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Work out the Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit for Mendel's actual data on stem length:
"Expt. 7: Length of stem. –– Out of 1,064 plants, in 787 cases the stem was long, and in 277 short. Hence a mutual ratio of 2.84:1. In this experiment the dwarfed plants were carefully lifted and transferred to a special bed. This precaution was necessary, as otherwise they would have perished through being overgrown by their tall relatives. Even in their quite young state they can be easily picked out by their compact growth and thick dark–green foliage."
F2:
O
E
O-E
(O-E)^2
(O-E)^2/E
# short
277
266
11
121
0.455
# tall
787
798
-11
121
0.152
sums:
1,064
1064
0.607
degrees of freedom = 2-1=1
Chi-squared value = .607
p-value: 0.25 < p < 0.50
Work out the Chi-Squared Goodness of Fit for Mendel's actual data on flower position:
"Expt. 6: Position of flowers. –– Among 858 cases 651…
shown are the F2 results of two Mendel's monohybrid crosses. Mendel crossed 2 heterozygote parents. If he were to expect segregation to happen normally, do the results match his expectations? state a null hypothesis that you will test using chi-square analysis. Calculate the chi-square value and determine the p value for both crosses
a. Full pods: 882; constricted pods: 299 (full pods are dominant over constricted)
b. violet flowers: 705; white flowers: 500 (violet dominant over white)
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
Menders Success
Menders approach to the study of heredity was effective for several reasons. Foremost was his choice of experimental subject, the pea plant Pisum sativum.
Monohybrid Crosses
Mendel began by studying monohybrid crosses— those between parents that differed in a single characteristic.
The principle of segregation (Mendel's first law) states that each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic. These two alleles segregate (separate) when gametes are formed, and one allele goes into each gamete. Furthermore, the two alleles segregate into gametes in equal proportions.The concept of dominance that, when two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the trait of the dominant allele is observed in the phenotype.
Multiple-Loci Crosses
Dihybrid Crosses In addition to his work on monohybrid crosses, Mendel also crossed varieties of peas that differed in two characteristics (dihybrid crosses).…
Chapter 5 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 5 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 5 - a. A Drosophila male from a true-breeding stock...Ch. 5 - Prob. 3PCh. 5 - The Punnett square in Fig. 5.4 shows how Mendels...Ch. 5 - In mice, the dominant allele Gs of the X-linked...Ch. 5 - In Drosophila, males from a true-breeding stock...Ch. 5 - If the a and b loci are 20 m.u. apart in humans...Ch. 5 - CCDD and ccdd individuals were crossed to each...Ch. 5 - In mice, the autosomal locus coding for the...Ch. 5 - In a particular human family, John and his mother...
Ch. 5 - Albino rabbits lacking pigment are homozygous for...Ch. 5 - In corn, the allele A allows the deposition of...Ch. 5 - If the a and b loci are 40 cM apart and an AA BB...Ch. 5 - Write the number of different kinds of phenotypes,...Ch. 5 - A DNA variant has been found linked to a rare...Ch. 5 - Figure 5.7a shows chromosomes during prophase of...Ch. 5 - Figure 5.7b shows bivalents in mouse primary...Ch. 5 - Cinnabar eyes cn and reduced bristles rd are...Ch. 5 - In Drosophila, the autosomal recessive dp allele...Ch. 5 - From a series of two-point crosses, the following...Ch. 5 - Map distances were determined for four different...Ch. 5 - In the tubular flowers of foxgloves, wild-type...Ch. 5 - In Drosophila, the recessive allele mb of one gene...Ch. 5 - A snapdragon with pink petals, black anthers, and...Ch. 5 - In Drosophila, three autosomal genes have the...Ch. 5 - Drosophila females heterozygous for each of three...Ch. 5 - Male Drosophila expressing the autosomal recessive...Ch. 5 - a. In Drosophila, crosses between F1 heterozygotes...Ch. 5 - A true-breeding strain of Virginia tobacco has...Ch. 5 - Prob. 30PCh. 5 - The following list of four Drosophila mutations...Ch. 5 - Do the data that Mendel obtained fit his...Ch. 5 - Two genes control color in corn snakes as follows:...Ch. 5 - A mouse from a true-breeding population with...Ch. 5 - Neurospora of genotype a c are crossed with...Ch. 5 - A cross was performed between one haploid strain...Ch. 5 - Prob. 40PCh. 5 - Prob. 41PCh. 5 - Indicate the percentage of tetrads that would have...Ch. 5 - Prob. 43PCh. 5 - This problem leads you through the derivation of a...Ch. 5 - a. In ordered tetrad analysis, what is the maximum...Ch. 5 - Prob. 46PCh. 5 - A single yeast cell placed on a solid agar will...Ch. 5 - Figure 5.29 shows mitotic recombination leading to...Ch. 5 - A diploid strain of yeast has a wild-type...Ch. 5 - In Drosophila, the yellow y gene is near the...Ch. 5 - Neurofibromas are tumors of the skin that can...Ch. 5 - Two important methods for understanding the...
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- Why was Mendel’s success dependent on his studying characteristics that exhibit only two easily distinguished phenotypes, such as white versus gray seed coats and round versus wrinkled seeds? Would he have been less successful if he had instead studied traits like seed weight or length of the leaves, which vary much more in their phenotypes? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardMendel describes subjecting each of the 34 varieties of peas he obtained to a two-year trial. During this time he let the plants self-fertilize and observed their offspring. What was he looking for, and what was the purpose of doing this two-year trial? Explain what Mendel means when he writes that the 3:1 ratio observed in the first generation from the hybrids "resolves itself" into a ratio of 2:1:1arrow_forwardIn which type of cross(es) can we apply and demonstrate the law of segregation and law of independent assortment? Why can’t we apply the 2 Mendelian laws on monohybrid crosses? Explain briefly. How can one use a pedigree chart to hypothesize how a certain condition is transmitted? Can a pedigree chart show probability of occurrence more accurately than the Punnett square? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Gregor Mendel followed specific steps when breeding pea plants to determine the underlying cause and mathematical ratio of specific traits. Drag and drop the four tiles that describe the order of his process and findings. 1 Mendel crossed two identical, true-breeding plants for a particular characteristic. :: Mendel crossed two contrasting true-breeding plants with two different traits for a given characteristic. ::: Mendel labeled the offspring of the first plants bred F1, for first flower generation. Mendel labeled the offspring of the first plants bred F1, for first filial generation. ::: Mendel cross-bred F1 plants with F2 plants. ::: Mendel cross-bred F1 plants with each other. The F2 population produced flowers in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits. The F1 population produced flowers in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits. DELL & 6 7 1 8 9. 2 earrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true about the molecular basis of Mendel's second law? OThe random attachment of the sister chromatids and the split of them into different daughter cells during the second round of cell division in Meiosis ensure Mendel's second law of independent assortment of alleles. OThe random attachment of the sister chromatids and the split of them into different daughter cells during the first round of cell division in Meiosis ensure Mendel's 2nd law. O The molecular basis of independent assortment of alleles is the segregation of sister chromatids during the second round of cell division in Meiosis. O The molecular basis of independent assortment of alleles is the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the second round of cell division in Meiosis. O The molecular basis of independent assortment of alleles is the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first round of cell division in Meiosis.arrow_forwardTo assess Mendel’s law of segregation using tomatoes, a true-breeding tall variety (SS) is crossed with a true-breeding short variety (ss). The heterozygous F1 tall plants (Ss) were crossed to produce two sets of F2 data as follows. Set 1 Set 2 30 tall 300 tall 5 short 50 short Using the chi-square test, analyze the results for both datasets. Calculate the chi-square values and estimate the p-values in both cases. From the above analysis, what can you conclude about the importance of generating large datasets in experimental condition?arrow_forward
- What can you conclude based on the value of the computed Chi-square? How can you relate the two principles of Mendel to Chi-Square Values?arrow_forwardMendel's second law states that alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation. Does this law always hold true? If not, explain under what circumstances it does hold true and when or why it does not hold true. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). BIUS Paragraph Arial 14px ... X? X2 次 TT 田田 ABC 区 - 器,田用日 田用因 Ť {} 田 !!!arrow_forwardLet us recall your understanding of concepts of Mendel’s law of inheritance by predicting the possible offspring on a test cross using a Punnett square: Red tomato fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). In a test cross between a homozygous red tomato fruit plant and a tomato plant that has yellow fruit, what would be the genotypes of the parents? Genotype: Phenotype: Questions: a. What are the genotypes of the offspring? b. What are the phenotypes? c. If two of the F1 generation from the above cross were mated, what would be the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring?arrow_forward
- Match the exception to Mendel's rules to its example. if there are three genes that determine freckledness v and the more dominant alleles a person has the more freckles they exhibit if there were FR and FD and f alleles for freckles where FR codes for red freckles and FB codes for brown freckles and when FR and FB are both present the individual has as many red freckles as an FRER individual and as many brown freckles as an FBFB individual A. incomplete dominance B. polygenic trait C. sex-linkage if a homozygous dominant individual has freckles, a homozygous individual has no freckles and a heterozygote has half as many freckles as a homozygous dominant D. pleiotropy E. epistasis if the freckle gene also codes for curly eyelashes and F. environmental effects on gene expression arched eyebrows G. codominance if a person has their freckles removed by a medical procedure H. trait follows Mendel's Rules v if only males can exhibit freckles if FF and Ff have the same amount of freckles and…arrow_forwardAs you know Mendel’s main contribution to genetics was his proposing a model of particulate inheritance. This discovery contradicted the widely held belief that blending inheritance was the true theory that explained hereditary traits. One advantage that Mendel had in choosing garden peas (Pisum sativum) was that he could either allow the pea flowers on a plant to self-pollinate or he could deliberately cross-pollinate the flowers. For his single locus crosses of pure-breeding lines, he would take the F2 offspring of the dominant phenotype (such as yellow seeds) and ensure that each yellow-seeded plant would self-pollinate. He was able to show that 1/3 of all the yellow-seeded plants in this generation bred true while the other 2/3 of the yellow seeded plants showed segregation. Do you believe that this extra experiment gave additional important evidence for the particulate theory of inheritance or did the offspring from the F1 x F1 cross provide enough evidence of Mendel’s First Law?…arrow_forwardState the conclusions reached by Mendel in his work on the inheritance of characteristics. Explain how each of the following deviates from these conclusions: a. Autosomal linkage b. Sex-linked (X-linked) inheritance c. Polygenic (multiple-gene) inheritancearrow_forward
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