Concept explainers
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(a)
Interpretation:
The initiation sequence, a control segment of DNA has to be accounted.
Concept Introduction:
Composition of
RNA synthesis: The process of RNA synthesis is Transcription. A small section of DNA unwinds, only one of the two strands act as template and the other strand as informational strand. The complementary bases are attached one by one by the action of RNA polymerase at template strand on moving down. The newly generated RNA is the exact copy of the informational strand, with the exception that a U replaces each T in the template DNA. The RNA synthesised carries genetic information and directs protein synthesis.
Replication of DNA: The process by which copies of DNA are made when a cell divides.
(b)
Interpretation:
The informational strand of DNA has to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
Composition of nucleic acid: Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Two nucleotides are joined by phosphate diester linkage where a free phosphate on 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and a free –OH group on 3’ carbon of another nucleotide is linked.
Replication of DNA: The process by which copies of DNA are made when a cell divides.
RNA synthesis: The process of RNA synthesis is Transcription. A small section of DNA unwinds, only one of the two strands act as template and the other strand as informational strand. The complementary bases are attached one by one by the action of RNA polymerase at template strand on moving down. The newly generated RNA is the exact copy of the informational strand, with the exception that a U replaces each T in the template DNA. The RNA synthesised carries genetic information and directs protein synthesis.
(c)
Interpretation:
The template strand of DNA has to be accounted.
Concept Introduction:
Composition of nucleic acid: Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Two nucleotides are joined by phosphate diester linkage where a free phosphate on 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and a free –OH group on 3’ carbon of another nucleotide is linked.
RNA synthesis: The process of RNA synthesis is Transcription. A small section of DNA unwinds, only one of the two strands act as template and the other strand as informational strand. The complementary bases are attached one by one by the action of RNA polymerase at template strand on moving down. The newly generated RNA is the exact copy of the informational strand, with the exception that a U replaces each T in the template DNA. The RNA synthesised carries genetic information and directs protein synthesis.
Replication of DNA: The process by which copies of DNA are made when a cell divides.
(d)
Interpretation:
The end of the sequence (termination sequence) has to be accounted.
Concept Introduction:
Composition of nucleic acid: Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Two nucleotides are joined by phosphate diester linkage where a free phosphate on 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and a free –OH group on 3’ carbon of another nucleotide is linked.
RNA synthesis: The process of RNA synthesis is Transcription. A small section of DNA unwinds, only one of the two strands act as template and the other strand as informational strand. The complementary bases are attached one by one by the action of RNA polymerase at template strand on moving down. The newly generated RNA is the exact copy of the informational strand, with the exception that a U replaces each T in the template DNA. The RNA synthesised carries genetic information and directs protein synthesis.
Replication of DNA: The process by which copies of DNA are made when a cell divides.
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Chapter 26 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- In the diagram of DNA at the right: a) fill in the letters representing the bases on the right-hand strand. b) How many nucleotides are shown? 6 c) Explain why these two strands are described as "anti-parallel." because two stands in apposite directions d) If the DNA strand on the left is the coding strand, what mRNA sequence would be transcribed from it? ACG e) What amino acid would that mRNA strand code for? (read the letters from top to bottom) (The) threonine 2' 1' 2 AT बबब GH Carrow_forwardA polypeptide has 51 amino acids in its primary structure. (i) What is the minimum number of DNA bases required to code for the amino acids in this polypeptide. Show your calculation. (ii) Does AUG appear in the first three nucleotides in the mRNA coding for this mRNA? Explain why.arrow_forwardA polypeptide has 51 amino acids in its primary structure. (i) What is the minimum number of DNA bases required to code for the amino acids in this polypeptide. Show your calculation. (3 marks) (ii) Does AUG appear in the first three nucleotides in the mRNA coding for this mRNA? Explain why.arrow_forward
- (a) Write the complementary base sequence for the matching strand in the DNA section shown below:. 5' - ATGTTACTAGT C-3' (b) The following section of DNA is used to build an MRNA for a protein: 3'-AAG-CTT-CTC-5'. What is the corresponding mRNA sequence?arrow_forwardAssume 102 nucleotide pairs of DNA to be responsible for transcription of particular mRNA molecule. What is the length of that mRNA in (1) angstrom? (2) in micrometers?arrow_forwardDuring transcription, how many RNA nucleotide bases would usually be encoded by a sequence of 99 DNA nucleotide bases? (a) 297 (b) 99 (c) 33 (d) 11 (e) answer is impossible to determine with the information givenarrow_forward
- Assume the following DNA template strand: 3'-ATA GCG AGG AGT ATC-5' A) What would be the protein associated with this DNA template strand? Give the sequence of amino acids encoded by this fragment. Leave traces of your steps. B) In the synthesis of this protein, what are the codon and the anticodon for? Explain in one sentence for each. C) We find, in another cell, a mutation of this DNA template strand: 3' ATA GCG TGG AGT ATC-5’ 1. What type of point mutation is it? 2. Did this mutation arise during transcription, translation or DNA replication? D) If this mutation is found in a spermatozoon, will it have an effect on the individual, its offspring or both? Briefly explainarrow_forwardLocate as accurately as possible the listed items that are shown on the following figure. Some items are not shown. (a) 5′ end of DNA template strand; (b) 3′ end of mRNA; (c) ribosome; (d) promoter; (e) codon; (f) an amino acid; (g) DNA polymerase; (h) 5′ UTR; (i) centromere; (j) intron; (k) anticodon; (l) N terminus; (m) 5′ end of charged tRNA; (n) RNA polymerase; (o) 3′ end of uncharged tRNA; (p) a nucleotide; (q) mRNA cap; (r) peptide bond; (s) P site; (t) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; (u) hydrogen bond; (v) exon; (w) 5′ AUG 3′; (x) potential wobble interaction.arrow_forward(b) Hemoglobin is made of B-globin subunits. The first few mRNA nucleotides for B- globin are given by: (1) (iii) (iv) Write down the DNA sequence that has led to this mRNA and indicate the sense and non-sense strands and the polarity. CE Derive the polypeptide for the sequence using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 below) and indicate the polarity of the polypeptide chain. First Position (5' end) U A single point mutation in mRNA sequence can cause sickle cell anemia by changing the amino acid Glu to Val. For the given mRNA, indicate the point mutations for the first Glu in the polypeptide sequence that can cause this disease. 5'-AUGGUCCACCUGACUCCUGAGGAGAAG...UGA-3' C The polypeptide of B-globin contains the amino acid Leu. Write down all the anticodons of the tRNA molecules that can potentially code for Val. Indicate the polarity of the anti-codon. A G Table 1. The Codons of the Genetic Code Second Position U Phe Phe Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Ile Ile Ile Met-Start Val Val Val…arrow_forward
- Which amino acid sequence will be generated during translation from the following small mRNA: …CCC-AUG-UCU- UCG-UUA-UGA-UUG…? (Hint: Remember where translation starts and stops.) (a) Met-Glu-Arg-Arg-Glu-Leu (b) Met-Ser-Ser-Leu-Leu (c) Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Leu-Leu (d) Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Leu (e) Met-Ser-Ser-Leuarrow_forward1) Define the following terms as they relate to protein synthesis (translation). A) initiation B) elongation C) termination 2) Given the following coding strand sequence of DNA, what is the template strand sequence? 5'-ATGCGCTGAC-3' 3) Given the following coding strand sequence of DNA, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence? 5'-ATGCGCTGAC-3' 4) Use the genetic code and translate the following DNA coding strand sequence. 5' ATG ATA AAT ACC TAG 3' 5) Introduce a mutation to the DNA sequence and describe its effect on the protein sequence. 1 1arrow_forward(61) A 61-year old woman comes to the physician because of scarring acne vulgaris that has not been responsive to topical medication. Oral tetracycline is prescribed . Which of the following best explains the mechanism of action of this drug? (A) Blockage of DNA gyrase (B) Destruction of active transport membrane transport (C) Inhibition of aminoacyl-RNA binding to bacterial ribosomes (D) Interference with the action of peptidyl transferase (E) Interferance with translocation reactionarrow_forward
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