The amino acids those have most codons and least codons; reason for multiple codons for certain amino acids has to be interpreted. Concept Introduction: Codon: A sequence of three ribonucleotides in the mRNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid; also a three- nucleotide sequence that is a stop codon and stops translation. Genetic code: The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) in mRNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. Translation: A tRNA molecule is a single polynucleotide chain held together by regions of base pairing in a partially helical structure. An amino acid is bonded to its specific tRNA by an ester linkage. Connecting specific amino acid at end of the tRNA is known as charging tRNA. Once done, tRNA is ready to be used in the protein synthesis. At the other end of the tRNA, three anticodons are present which are complementary to the codons present in mRNA. Once the anticodons pairs off with codons, the amino acid at terminal end of the tRNA is delivered and attached to the growing protein chain. Illustrated relationships are: DNA informational strand : 5’ ATG CCA GTA GGC CAC TTG TCA 3’ DNA Template strand : 3’ TAC GGT CAT CCG GTG AAC AGT 5’ m RNA: 5’ AUG CCA GUA GGC CAC UUG UCA 3’ protein: Met Pro Val Gly His Leu Ser Notice: 5’ end of the mRNA strand codes for the N-terminal amino acid, whereas the 3’ end of the mRNA strand codes for the C-terminal amino acid. Proteins are always written N-terminal to C-terminal, reading left to right.

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Chapter 26, Problem 26.57AP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The amino acids those have most codons and least codons; reason for multiple codons for certain amino acids has to be interpreted.

Concept Introduction:

Codon: A sequence of three ribonucleotides in the mRNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid; also a three-nucleotide sequence that is a stop codon and stops translation.

Genetic code: The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) in mRNA that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis.

Translation: A tRNA molecule is a single polynucleotide chain held together by regions of base pairing in a partially helical structure. An amino acid is bonded to its specific tRNA by an ester linkage. Connecting specific amino acid at end of the tRNA is known as charging tRNA. Once done, tRNA is ready to be used in the protein synthesis.

At the other end of the tRNA, three anticodons are present which are complementary to the codons present in mRNA. Once the anticodons pairs off with codons, the amino acid at terminal end of the tRNA is delivered and attached to the growing protein chain.

Illustrated relationships are:

**DNA informational strand: 5’ ATG CCA   GTA GGC CAC   TTG   TCA 3’

DNA Template strand:         3’ TAC GGT   CAT CCG GTG   AAC   AGT 5’

mRNA:                                  5’ AUG CCA GUA GGC CAC UUG   UCA 3’

protein:**                                      Met    Pro     Val    Gly     His    Leu      Ser

Notice: 5’ end of the mRNA strand codes for the N-terminal amino acid, whereas the 3’ end of the mRNA strand codes for the C-terminal amino acid. Proteins are always written N-terminal to C-terminal, reading left to right.

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