Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The resonance structure that results from the given arrow in the caffeine molecule needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Organic compounds are the compounds which are mainly composed C and H atoms. The branch of chemistry that deals with preparation, reactions, and properties of organic compounds. The molecular formula of organic compound represents the number of bonded atoms with their atomic symbols.
(b)
Interpretation:
Thehybridization of each C and N in two rings of caffeine molecule in its resonating structures needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Organic compounds are the compounds which are mainly composed C and H atoms. The branch of chemistry that deals with preparation, reactions, and properties of organic compounds. The molecular formula of organic compound represents the number of bonded atoms with their atomic symbols.
Functional groups are the groups of atoms or atoms which are bonded with parent carbon chain in the organic molecule and are responsible for the physical and chemical properties of the compound. In organic chemistry, there are different functional groups such as carboxylic acid, alcohol, ester, or amide.
(c)
Interpretation:
Thearomatic nature of caffeine molecule needs to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Organic compounds are the compounds which are mainly composed C and H atoms. The branch of chemistry that deals with preparation, reactions, and properties of organic compounds. The molecular formula of organic compound represents the number of bonded atoms with their atomic symbols.
Functional groups are the groups of atoms or atoms which are bonded with parent carbon chain in the organic molecule and are responsible for the physical and chemical properties of the compound. In organic chemistry, there are different functional groups such as carboxylic acid, alcohol, ester, or amide.
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CHEMISTRY-TEXT
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- The partial Lewis structure that follows is for a hydrocarbonmolecule. In the full Lewis structure, each carbon atomsatisfies the octet rule, and there are no unshared electronpairs in the molecule. The carbon—carbon bondsare labeled 1, 2, and 3. (a) How many hydrogen atomsare in the molecule? (b) Rank the carbon–carbonbonds in order of increasing bond length. (c) Whichcarbon—carbon bond is the strongest one?arrow_forwardLinoleic acid is an essential fatty acid found in many veg-etable oils, such as soy, peanut, and cottonseed. A key structural feature of the molecule is the c is orientation around its two dou-ble bonds, where R1and R2 represent two different groups thatform the rest of the molecule. (a) How many different compounds are possible, changing onlythe cis-trans arrangements around these two double bonds?(b) How many are possible for a similar compound with three double bonds?arrow_forwardConsider compounds A–D, which contain both a heteroatom and a double bond. (a) For which compounds are no additional Lewis structures possible? (b) When two or more Lewis structures can be drawn, draw all additional resonance structures.arrow_forward
- Compute the formal charge (FC) on each atom in the following structures.(a) Methane (CH4)arrow_forwardThe curved arrow notation introduced in Section 1.6B is a powerfulmethod used by organic chemists to show the movement of electronsnot only in resonance structures, but also in chemical reactions.Because each curved arrow shows the movement of two electrons,following the curved arrows illustrates what bonds are broken andformed in a reaction. Consider the following three-step process. (a) Addcurved arrows in Step [1] to show the movement of electrons. (b) Use thecurved arrows drawn in Step [2] to identify the structure of X. X isconverted in Step [3] to phenol and HCl.arrow_forwardMethyl isocyanate, CH3 -N= C = O, is used in the industrial synthesis of a type of pesticide and herbicide known as a carbamate. As a historical note, an industrial accident in Bhopal, India, in 1984 resulted in leakage of an unknown quantity of this chemical into the air. An estimated 200,000 people were exposed to its vapors, and over 2000 of these people died. Q.) Write a Lewis structure for methyl isocyanate and predict its bond angles. What is the hybridization of its carbonyl carbon? Of its nitrogen atom?arrow_forward
- Write both electron-dot and line-bond structures for the following molecules, showing all nonbonded electrons:(a)CHCl3, chloroform (b)H2S, hydrogen sulfide (c)CH3NH2, methylaminearrow_forwardDraw the shapes of the following molecules and ions in 3-dimension. Show clearly any lone pairs of electrons on the central atom, state the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on the central atom and name the shape of the molecule or ion. (a) SiCI4, silicon tetrachloride (b) PBr3, phosphorus tribromide (c) CI2O, dichlorine oxide Provide everything stated in the instructions for each compound.arrow_forwardLinoleic acid (below) is an essential fatty acid found in many vegetable oils, such as soy, peanut, and cottonseed. A key structural feature of the molecule is the cis orientation around its two double bonds, where R1 and R2 represent two different groups that form the rest of the molecule. R, CH2 `H H' (a) How many different compounds are possible, changing only the cis/trans arrangements around these two double bonds? (b) How many are possible for a similar compound with three double bonds? R3. .CH2 R4 `H H `H H'arrow_forward
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