Interpretation:
The synthesis of
Concept introduction:
舧 Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
舧 Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
舧 Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.
舧 Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
舧 Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
舧 The reaction in which hydrogen is added to the compound in the presence of catalyst is known as hydrogenation.
舧 The number of moles of hydrogen absorbed will be equal to the number of double bonds.
舧 The reaction in which a halide group is removed to form an alkene is called dehydrohalogenation.
舧 This reaction in which
舧 Acetylation refers to the process of introducing an acetyl group into a compound. A reaction involving te replacement of the hydrogen atom of a hydroxyl or amine group with an acetyl group. Acetic anhydride is commonly used as an acetylating agent.
舧 Piperidine is a heterocyclic amine containing six membered rings, which contains five methyl groups and one nitrogen atom.
舧 Nitrous acid
舧 Nitrous acid is used to make diazonium salts from amines.
舧 The reaction of primary aryl amine with nitrous acid gives arenediazonium salt.
舧 The nitro compounds formed by direct nitration reaction undergo reduction to give primary aryl amine.
舧 The diazonium group is easily replaced by another group.
舧 In Sandmeyer reaction, arenediazonium salt reacts with cuprous bromide, cuprous cyanide, and cuprous chloride, and the replacement of diazonium group by
舧 The replacement of diazonium group by
舧 The replacement of diazonium group by
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Organic Chemistry
- As far back as the 16th century, South American Incas chewed the leaves of the coca bush, Erythroxylon coca, to combat fatigue. Chemical studies of Erythroxylon coca by Friedrich Wöhler in 1862 resulted in the discovery of cocaine, C17H21NO4, as the active component. Basic hydrolysis of cocaine leads to methanol, benzoic acid, and another compound called ecgonine, C9H15NO3. Oxidation of ecgonine with CrO3 yields a keto acid that readily loses CO2 on heating, giving tropinone. (a) What is a likely structure for the keto acid? (b) What is a likely structure for ecgonine, neglecting stereochemistry? (c) What is a likely structure for cocaine, neglecting stereochemistry?arrow_forwardA key step in the synthesis of the narcotic analgesic meperidine (trade name Demerol) is the conversion of phenylacetonitrile to X. (a) What is the structure of X? (b) What reactions convert X to meperidine?arrow_forward21.95 A student carries out the following sequence of reactions. The IR and 1°C NMR spectra are shown for the product C. Draw structures for A-C. (Remember that the 13C NMR signal at 77 ppm is due to the CDCI3 solvent.) NaOC(CH)3 A (CH3)3COH 1. NaOEt, EtOH 1. NaOH, H,O C В 2. H,0º, A EtO OEt 2. Br(CH,),Br 100 90 80 70 60 – 50 40 - 30 20 C 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 Wavenumbers (cm-1) Chemical shift (ppm) % Transmittancearrow_forward
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