Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 1PDQ
HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on how gene mutations arise and how cells repair DNA damage. At the same time, we found opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter,
- (a) How do we know that mutations occur randomly?
- (b) How do we know that certain chemicals and wavelengths of radiation induce mutations in DNA?
- (c) How do we know that DNA repair mechanisms detect and correct the majority of spontaneous and induced mutations?
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1) A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors. All BUT ONE of the statements below correctly describes or explains genetic mutations.
A) Mutation can disrupt normal cell activity and cause diseases, like cancer.
B) Mutations in parents' cells are then passed down to offspring via reproduction.
C) Our cells can recognise any potentially mutation-causing damage and repair it before it permanent.
D) Mutations can occur as the result of exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, toxins and radiation.
The figure below summarizes the results of an experiment evaluating the role of Ku80 gene DNA repair. The Ku80 Knock Out mice were generated by genetically deleting the Ku80 gene and the effects of ionizing radiation on lifespan were evaluated. Briefly explain why Ku80 deletion has the observed effects. What form of DNA damage is causing the reduced lifespan and which repair mechanism appears to be responsible for repair of these lesion in normal mice?
Chapter 15 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 15 - If a point mutation occurs within a human egg cell...Ch. 15 - One of the most famous cases of an X-linked...Ch. 15 - The cancer drug melphalan is an alkylating agent...Ch. 15 - Geneticists often use the alkylating agent...Ch. 15 - Six months pregnant, an expectant mother had a...Ch. 15 - Six months pregnant, an expectant mother had a...Ch. 15 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on how...Ch. 15 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 15 - What is a spontaneous mutation, and why are...Ch. 15 - Prob. 4PDQ
Ch. 15 - Prob. 5PDQCh. 15 - Why is a random mutation more likely to be...Ch. 15 - Most mutations in a diploid organism are...Ch. 15 - What is the difference between a silent mutation...Ch. 15 - Describe a tautomeric shift and how it may lead to...Ch. 15 - Contrast and compare the mutagenic effects of...Ch. 15 - Why are frameshift mutations likely to be more...Ch. 15 - Why are X rays more potent mutagens than UV...Ch. 15 - DNA damage brought on by a variety of natural and...Ch. 15 - Contrast the various types of DNA repair...Ch. 15 - Mammography is an accurate screening technique for...Ch. 15 - A significant number of mutations in the HBB gene...Ch. 15 - Describe how the Ames test screens for potential...Ch. 15 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 15 - Compare DNA transposons and retrotransposons. What...Ch. 15 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 15 - In maize, a Ds or Ac transposon can alter the...Ch. 15 - Prob. 22PDQCh. 15 - In a bacterial culture in which all cells are...Ch. 15 - Presented here are hypothetical findings from...Ch. 15 - Prob. 25ESPCh. 15 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 15 - What evidence indicates that mutations in human...Ch. 15 - Among Betazoids in the world of Star Trek, the...Ch. 15 - Skin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal...Ch. 15 - It has been noted that most transposons in humans...Ch. 15 - Mutations in the IL2RG gene cause approximately 30...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Many of the gene products involved in DNA synthesis were initially defined by studying mutant E. coli strains that could not synthesize DNA. (a) The dnaE gene encodes the a subunit of DNA polymerase III. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene? How could the mutant strain be maintained? (b) The dnaQ gene encodes the e subunit of DNA polymerase. What effect is expected from a mutation in this gene?arrow_forwardWhich of the followings statements are true about DNA polymerase? 1.) It can only go in one direction, meaning the lagging strand can't be synthesized continuously. 2.) It cannot start a DNA strand from scratch, so another enzyme is needed to create "primers" as a starting point. 3.) It cannot copy epigenetic marks (such as methyl groups) on its own; these must be "copied" onto the daughter DNA strand by other enzymes after DNA replication. 4.) All of the abovearrow_forwardDNA repair systems are responsible for maintaining genomic fidelity in normal cells despite the high frequency with which mutational events occur. What type of DNA mutation is generated by (a) UV radiation and (b) ionizing radiation? Describe the system responsible for repairing each of these types of mutations in mammalian cells. Postulate why a loss of function in one or more DNA repair systems typifies many cancers.arrow_forward
- I mutation occurs such that the sequence now reads: CTA CTT TTT. A) Transcribe the short DNA sequence. B) translate this short DNA sequence. C) what type of point mutation is this? A mutation occurs such that the sequence now reads: CTA GTC TTT. 1)transcribe this short DNA sequence. 2. Translate this short DNA sequence. 3. What type of point mutation is this?arrow_forwardWhich, if any, of the following statements is false? a) Most of the inherited changes in our DNA arise because of exposure to extracellular mutagens, including radiation sources and chemical mutagens. b) Most of the inherited changes in our DNA arise because of unavoidable endogenous errors in cellular mechanisms and harmful effects of certain natural molecules and atoms within our cells. c) Errors in DNA replication and DNA repair are a major source of mutations in our cells. d) Significant chemical damage is sustained by DNA because of its proximity to water molecules in our cells.arrow_forwardA DNA polymerase enzyme inherently incorporates an incorrect nucleotide at a low but measurable rate. Such a mutation is termed _______. A) spontaneous B) lysogenic C) transformative D) transductive E) inducedarrow_forward
- Mismatches introduced during DNA replication are detected and repaired efficiently by the “Mut” system of E. coli. (A) Please outline the steps in mismatch detection and repair by this system. (B) What is the historical reason for naming these genes “Mut” in the first place? (C) How might you identify bacterial strains with defects in the “Mut” system? (D) It has been observed that recombination-deficient mutations are usually lethal when they are combined with mutations in the mismatch repair pathway you just described. Why is that?arrow_forwardThe wrong nucleotide is occasionally incorporated during DNA replication and not immediately repaired by the proofreading function of DNA polymerase. Which of the following DNA repair systems relies upon methylated DNA to determine which base is correct and which needs to be repaired?a) CPD photolyase repair b) mismatch repairc) nucleotide-excision repair d) base-excision repaire) homology-directed repairarrow_forwardChemical mutagens often cause oxidation or deamination of DNA bases. This can lead to cancer by causing: A) Activation of replication. B) Activation of transcription. C) Non Watson-Crick base pairing. OD) Changes to cytochrome P450 enzymes. OE) Activation of translation.arrow_forward
- The experiment below is from a seminal set of experiments in the 1960s that illustrated the role of various repair pathways for DNA damage caused by UV radiation. In this experiment, the scientists isolated E coli strains that are mutant in the Rec A gene, the UvrA gene or both. They then irradiated cultures of each strain with increasing doses of UV light and measured the effect on cell viability. Answer the following questions about this data. A. Which DNA repair pathway and repair activity is inhibited by the Rec A mutant? B. Which DNA repair pathway and repair function is inhibited by UvrA mutant? C. Why is the UvrA/RecA double mutant so much more senitive to UV light than either mutant alone?arrow_forward18) UV radiation damages DNA by causing... a) frame-shift mutations b) base substitutions c) bonds between neighboring Thymine bases - "thymine dimers" d) unzipping of the DNA molecue e) all of thesearrow_forward1). Which nucleotides make up a DNA strand? 2). Which nucleotides make up an RNA strand? 3). Explain a substitution mutation 4) Explain a deletion mutation 5). Explain an insertion mutation 6). What was the guiding question from the lab? 7). Explain to me how you learned that mutations affect the function of an organism.arrow_forward
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