Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 13, Problem 8TYU
Which of the following is/are typically removed from pre-mRNA during nuclear processing in eukaryotes? (a) upstream leader sequences (b) poly-A tail (c) introns (d) exons (e) all the preceding
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First start with a pre-MRNA with four exons and three introns and diagram the splicing reactions leading
to the four exons being spliced together (a)
Second, show the following two alternative splicing diagrams that would produce
(b) intron 2 retention, otherwise similar to part (a)
(c) mutually exclusive exon (exon 1- either exon 2 or exon 3 -- exon 4)
(d) exon 2 skipping, otherwise, similar to part (a).
For part (d), explain how an SR protein could influence whether exon 2 is skipped. What would happen if
SR binding to the exon 2 ESE was weak? Which MRNA isoform would be more abundant?
Explain (in one or two lines) the function of the followings:(a) Promoter(b) tRNA(c) Exons
Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but areotherwise very different. Which of the following processes ismost likely to have contributed to this similarity?(A) gene duplication(B) alternative splicing(C) exon shuffling(D) random point mutations
Chapter 13 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 13.1 - Summarize the early evidence indicating that some...Ch. 13.1 - Describe how Beadle and Tatums experiments...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 13.1 - How did the work of each of the following...Ch. 13.2 - Outline the flow of genetic information in cells,...Ch. 13.2 - Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.Ch. 13.2 - Explain why the genetic code is said to be...Ch. 13.2 - VISUALIZE Sketch a simple flow diagram that shows...Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 13.3 - Compare the processes of transcription and DNA...
Ch. 13.3 - Compare bacterial and eukaryotic mRNAs, and...Ch. 13.3 - In what ways are DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase...Ch. 13.3 - A certain template DNA strand has the following...Ch. 13.3 - What features do mature eukaryotic mRNA molecules...Ch. 13.4 - Identify the features of tRNA that are important...Ch. 13.4 - Explain how ribosomes function in polypeptide...Ch. 13.4 - Prob. 10LOCh. 13.4 - Prob. 11LOCh. 13.4 - What are ribosomes made of? Do ribosomes carry...Ch. 13.4 - What happens in each stage of polypeptide...Ch. 13.4 - A certain mRNA strand has the following nucleotide...Ch. 13.5 - Give examples of the different classes of...Ch. 13.5 - What are the main types of mutations?Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 13.6 - Briefly discuss RNA interference.Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 14LOCh. 13.6 - Prob. 15LOCh. 13.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2CCh. 13.6 - Prob. 3CCh. 13 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 13 - What is the correct order of information flow in...Ch. 13 - During transcription, how many RNA nucleotide...Ch. 13 - The genetic code is defined as a series of...Ch. 13 - RNA differs from DNA in that the base...Ch. 13 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 13 - Which of the following is/are not found in a...Ch. 13 - Which of the following is/are typically removed...Ch. 13 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 13 - Suppose you mix the following components of...Ch. 13 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 13 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 13 - Compare and contrast the formation of mRNA in...Ch. 13 - Explain to a friend the experimental strategy that...Ch. 13 - Biologists hypothesize that transposons eventually...Ch. 13 - Prob. 16TYUCh. 13 - Prob. 17TYUCh. 13 - Prob. 18TYU
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- Consider the following mRNA base sequence 5' CUG-CAC 3' (a) What dipeptide is coded for by this mRNA? (b) What dipeptide is formed if a mutation converts CUG to CUU? (c) What dipeptide is formed if a mutation converts CAC to CGC? (d) What dipeptide is formed if a mutation converts CUG to CUU and CAC to CGC?arrow_forwardSickle cell anemia is a widespread disease in many African countries and can be caused by a change in the amino acid sequence from glutamic acid to valine. A patient is diagnosed with the disease and a genetic fingerprint reveals the following DNA sequence for the gene: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Write down the mRNA sequence for the given DNA sense strand indicating the polarity. Derive the polypeptide from the mRNA molecule using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 below) again indicating the polarity of the peptide chain. Indicate the position in the DNA molecule that could have caused the disease and write down all possible point mutations in the DNA sequence that could have caused it. [ The polypeptide chain is polymerized at the ribosomes using t-RNA molecules. Write down all possible t-RNA molecules with their anti-codons that are used to polymerize the amino acid VAL. Indicate the polarity. 3'-TAC TGA GCA AGA TTA CAT ACT-5' Explain what is meant by redundancy of the genetic code.…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is/are a role for the poly-A tail? (Select all that apply.) a) Facilitates transport of the transcript out of the nucleus b) Confers stability to the mRNA c) Binds to RNA polymerase to initiate transcription d) Facilitates binding to DNAarrow_forward
- RNA polymerases generally require a primer to begin transcription. (T) (F) The Death Cap Mushroom Amanita phalloides is toxic because of its ability to produce alpha-amanitin, which is an inhibitor of RNA Polymerases I and III. (T) (F) In bacteria, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously. (T) (F) In eukaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously (T) (F) RNA polymerase II has no form of proofreading activity. (T) (F) Sigma factors specify binding of bacterial RNA Polymerases to specific promoters (T) (F) An E. coli strain with mutations in genes encoding both the dam methylase and the RecA protein would likely be inviable (dead) (T) (F) An E. coli culture grown in a pure (100%) N2 atmosphere would likely have a lower rate of mutations than a culture grown under normal conditions (~30% O2 and 70% N2) (T) (F) Non-homologous end joining repairs double strand DNA breaks with no loss of information, restoring the original…arrow_forwardDuring Codon recognition (a) the ribosome moves towards the 3’ end of the mRNA (b) a tautomeric shift occurs (c) a peptide bond forms (d) anticodon and codon pairing occurs (e) all of the abovearrow_forwardThe base sequence of the gene coding for a short polypeptide is 5’CTACGCTAGGCGATTGATCATC’3. a) What would be the base sequence of the mRNA transcribed from this gene? Highlight the start codon sequence b) State the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide translated from this mRNA c) Based on the information from part (a) and (b), describe the process used by eukaryotes to produce protein.arrow_forward
- Suppose that a gene underwent a mutation that changed a GAA codon to UAA. (a) Name the amino acid encoded by the original triplet. (b) Identify a tRNA anticodon that could translate the nonsense UAA triplet. (c) What other amino acid could be encoded by the mutant tRNA?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true of RNA processing?(A) Exons are cut out before mRNA leaves the nucleus.(B) Nucleotides may be added at both ends of the RNA.(C) Ribozymes may function in RNA splicing.(D) RNA splicing can be catalyzed by spliceosomes.arrow_forwardWhat molecule/feature ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the peptide chain with reading of a specific codon during translation? O A) the properly assembled RNA polymerase holoenzyme B) the anticodon of a properly loaded aminoacyl TRNA C) the poly(A) tail of a properly modified MRNA D) the CCA sequence at the 3' end of the TRNA O E) the methyl-guanosine cap of a properly modified MRNAarrow_forward
- A synthetic mRNA was made by linking together 5 G-A 3' dinucleotides. Which amino acid(s) would be incorporated into protein in an in vitro translation of that mRNA?Question 30 options: A) only Glycine (Gly) B) only Glutamate (Glu) C) only Arginine (Arg) D) only Glutamate (Glu) and Arginine (Arg) E) Glycine (Gly), Glutamate (Glu), and Arginine (Arg)arrow_forwarda) Examine the nucleotide sequence below, and determine the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA. (2) 5' CCUCCGGACCGGAUGCCCGCGGCAGCUGCUGAACCAUGGCCCGCGGGUGAGCCAAGGAGGAGGGC 3' b) What would be the consequence of a mutation that resulted in changing the underlined nucleotide to a G? (2) Second base U G. Consensus sequences functioning in transcription or translation (5-3): UGU UAU UCU Phe UCC Ser UCA Leu UCG UUU Tyr Cys TATA box (-25) TATAAA UUC UAC UGC UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp G UUA TFIIB recognition element /c/c/¢CGCC UUG TATAAT CGU CAU His CAC Pro CAA Gln CAG -10 (Pribnow) sequence CUU CCU CC Leu CCA CGC Arg CGA CUC TTGACA -35 sequence CỦA CUG CCG CGG Shine-Dalgarno sequence (Ribosome binding site) UAAGGAGGU YYANT/AYY AGU Asn AGC AUU ACU AAU Ser Initiator element AUC lle ACC Thr AAC AGA Lys AGG AUA ACA AAA lA AGLGU ^/G AGU Arg Intron 5' splice site AUG Met ACG AAG CAGIG GGU GAU Asp GAC Intron 3' splice site GCU GUU GCC Val GCA GGC Gly GGA GUC AAUAAA Ala Cleavage site…arrow_forwardWe have a eukaryotic full-length mRNA molecule consisting of 33 bp5ʹ -... ACGAUACGUAUGCUCGAGAUCCGAGACUAUGUU ...- 3ʹ a) What are the first five amino acids that are translated? b) Describe how the ribosome finds the translation start on the mRNA transcript from prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, respectively.arrow_forward
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