Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 13, Problem 18TYU
Summary Introduction
To suggest: The reason why the majority of prokaryotes living today lost most of their introns during the course of evolution.
Introduction: Evolution is a process that introduces heritable changes in a population that passed over generations to generation by any change in frequency of an allele and change in genetic structure. Analysis of DNA by comparing the genome of different species reveals the process of evolution.
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Because introns are present in all eukaryotes and a few prokaryotes, biologists hypothesize that introns evolved very early in the history of life. If that is true, suggest why the majority of prokaryotes living today lost mostof their introns during the course of evolution.
How did the discovery of ribozymes affect our understanding of the origin of life and the RNA world?
A) The discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that enzymes did not have to be proteins, and that RNA can store, transmit, and do biological work as an enzymatic molecule.
B) The discovery of ribozymes helped us understand why RNA only stores and transmits biological data, but does not act as an enzymatic molecule.
C) The discovery of ribozymes verified that enzymes had to be proteins. This discovery helped to eliminate other theories about the origin of life in RNA world.
D) The discovery of ribozymes demonstrated definitively that ribozymes function only as an enzymatic molecule and therefore evolved before information carrier molecules.
If nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T or U) could polymerize to chains of nucleotides, could this eventually form the structure shown in the figure above? Would an RNA structure that can act as an enzyme, such as the one shown above, have been the result of chemical evolution with competition between replicating RNA molecules? Or was it likely the first RNA molecule that arose from a chain of nitrogenous bases could immediately act as an enzyme?
Chapter 13 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 13.1 - Summarize the early evidence indicating that some...Ch. 13.1 - Describe how Beadle and Tatums experiments...Ch. 13.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 13.1 - How did the work of each of the following...Ch. 13.2 - Outline the flow of genetic information in cells,...Ch. 13.2 - Compare the structures of DNA and RNA.Ch. 13.2 - Explain why the genetic code is said to be...Ch. 13.2 - VISUALIZE Sketch a simple flow diagram that shows...Ch. 13.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 13.3 - Compare the processes of transcription and DNA...
Ch. 13.3 - Compare bacterial and eukaryotic mRNAs, and...Ch. 13.3 - In what ways are DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase...Ch. 13.3 - A certain template DNA strand has the following...Ch. 13.3 - What features do mature eukaryotic mRNA molecules...Ch. 13.4 - Identify the features of tRNA that are important...Ch. 13.4 - Explain how ribosomes function in polypeptide...Ch. 13.4 - Prob. 10LOCh. 13.4 - Prob. 11LOCh. 13.4 - What are ribosomes made of? Do ribosomes carry...Ch. 13.4 - What happens in each stage of polypeptide...Ch. 13.4 - A certain mRNA strand has the following nucleotide...Ch. 13.5 - Give examples of the different classes of...Ch. 13.5 - What are the main types of mutations?Ch. 13.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 13.6 - Briefly discuss RNA interference.Ch. 13.6 - Prob. 14LOCh. 13.6 - Prob. 15LOCh. 13.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 13.6 - Prob. 2CCh. 13.6 - Prob. 3CCh. 13 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 13 - What is the correct order of information flow in...Ch. 13 - During transcription, how many RNA nucleotide...Ch. 13 - The genetic code is defined as a series of...Ch. 13 - RNA differs from DNA in that the base...Ch. 13 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 13 - Which of the following is/are not found in a...Ch. 13 - Which of the following is/are typically removed...Ch. 13 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 13 - Suppose you mix the following components of...Ch. 13 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 13 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 13 - Compare and contrast the formation of mRNA in...Ch. 13 - Explain to a friend the experimental strategy that...Ch. 13 - Biologists hypothesize that transposons eventually...Ch. 13 - Prob. 16TYUCh. 13 - Prob. 17TYUCh. 13 - Prob. 18TYU
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- An antibiotic is a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms. The use of antibiotics has been of great importance in the battle against many infectious diseases caused by microorganisms. The mode of action for many antibiotics is to inhibit the translation process within bacterial cells. Certain antibiotics selectively bind to bacterial (70S) ribosomes but do not inhibit eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Why would an antibiotic bind to a bacterial ribosome but not to a eukaryotic ribosome? Why does this binding inhibit growth?arrow_forwardWhy do prokaryotic organisms translate mRNA molecules while being transcribed? Group of answer choices Prokaryotes lack nuclear membranes to separate DNA and mRNA from protein-synthesizing equipment. Prokaryotes use reverse transcriptase to simultaneously translate and transcribe mRNA. Prokaryotes use pre-mRNA to translate, while transcription occurs within the cell. Prokaryotes have functional mRNA that yields portions of the transcribed mRNA into the cytoplasm to allow for translation to occur.arrow_forward1. The genetic code is redundant (degenerate) what is meant by this statement? a) the genetic code is different for different domains of organisms. b) a single codon can specify the addition of more than one amino acid. c) the genetic code is universal (the same for all organisms) d) more than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid. 2. Which of the following statements describes a central role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism? a) hydrolysis of ATP is an exergonic reaction that can be coupled to endergonic reactions in the cell. b) hydrolysis of AYP provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. c) ATP hydrolysis requires an input of energy from other cellular reactions. d) its terminal phosphate bond is stronger than most covalent bonds in other molecules. 3. In cattle, roan coat (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in heterozygous CRCW offspring of red (CRCR) and white (CWCW) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring…arrow_forward
- Eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are similar in that: a. both contain a small subunit, but only eukaryotes contain a large subunit. b. both contain the same number of proteins. c. both use mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins. d. both contain the same number of types of rRNA. e. both produce proteins that can pass through pores into the nucleus.arrow_forwardYou are studying a bacterial metabolic pathway that results in the synthesis of a product, vitalin, that is essential for survival. In the figure below, each number represents an intermediate product, and each letter represents the enzyme (protein) that catalyzes that step. d 3 e 5 Vitalin Compound 4 > Vitalin You find that bacteria with mutations in either c orf can survive, but a bacterial cell that has mutations in both c and f cannot survive. Which of the following statements explain your observations? Select all that apply. If both genes, c and f, are mutated, then vitalin cannot be synthesized O If gene c is mutated, then vitalin cannot be synthesized The pathway to synthesis of vitalin is branched, and either one can result in vitalin production gene c is mutated, then bacteria can survive by synthesizing vitalin using enzymes f and g Ifarrow_forwardin lecture we learned that translation is the process of what happens when a strand of RNA is translated into protein with the use of genetic information from RNA. i understand that the process is very different from eukaryotes and prokaryotes. My question is what would happen if the processes were switched? like the process for eukaryotes was now for prokaryotes and vice versa. Would it work but just not be as efficient or not work at all?arrow_forward
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