Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134641621
Author: Dean R. Appling, Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill, Christopher K. Mathews
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 11P

Some anaerobic bacteria use alternative pathways for glucose catabolism that convert glucose to acetate rather than to pyruvate. Shown below is one possible metabolic pathway. The first part of this pathway (glucose to fructose-1 ,6-bisphosphate) is identical to the glycolytic pathway. In the second part of the alternative pathway, Enzymes 1—6 all have mechanisms/activities analogous to enzymes in glycolysis. Note that there are two bond C-C cleavage reactions in this new pathway.

A → B + C (Enzyme 1) and

C → B + D. All the steps where ATP is consumed or generated have been shown; however, the addition or loss of NAD+/NADH, Pi,

H2O, or has not been shown explicitly. Draw the structures for the intermediates B, F, G, H, and l, and include other reaction participants as needed.

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In glycolysis, the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate is considered irreversible. Yet, in gluconeogenesis, this  "irreverisble" reaction is bypassed and pyruvate is eventually converted to PEP.  Explain how gluconeogenesis bypasses this irreverisble reaction. Include the enzymes required to convert pyruvate to PEP + the intermediate that is created. Imagine a scenario where the PDH complex has picked up an "activating" mutation causing it to convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA in an unregulated manner.There is way too much acetyl CoA than is actually necessary. Explain in a sentence or two how the body would compensate for this
Consider an alternative glycolysis pathway that starts with the phosphorylation of glucose to give glucose-6-phosphate. This (hypothetical) pathway exists in a (hypothetical) organism that does not express glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Instead, the next step of this hypothetical pathway is a Glucose-6-Phosphate Aldolase. Draw the product or products that would be obtain by the reaction of Glucose – 6 – Phosphate with Glucose – 6 Phosphate Aldolase. Assume the reaction is completely irreversible. Explain in 1-3 sentences how you obtained your answer
ATP is an ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR of the phosphofructokinase enzyme, which is a key catalyst for one of the first steps of Glycolysis.  Citrate (citric acid) is a 6-carbon product of the first reaction of the Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle).  Interestingly, Citrate enhances the inhibitory effect of ATP on phosphofructokinase.  What is a likely explanation for the inhibitory effects of these molecules? Excess ATP and Citrate signal the cell that Glycolysis should be speeded up.  Excess ATP and Citrate signal a positive feedback loop.  Excess ATP and Citrate signal the cell that Glycolysis should be slowed.  Excess ATP and Citrate compete for the active site of phosphofructokinase.

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