Chapter 12, Problem 20P

Interpretation Introduction

(a) Interpretation:

The balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed by PFK-2 should be written.

Concept Introduction:

PFK-2 is an enzyme that indirectly regulates the glycolysis rate in the cells. It is known to be a bifunctional enzyme due to its structure. The two domains independently act as functional enzymes because both are located on one protein honodimer.

In mammals, different PFK-2 isoforms are encoded by genetic mechanisms to accommodate tissue specific needs. General function of PFK-2 remains the same. Slight differences in enzymatic properties are featured by isoforms which are then controlled by different methods of regulation.

Interpretation Introduction

(b) Interpretation:

The balanced equation for the conversion of 2 moles of oxaloacetate to glucose should be written.

Concept Introduction:

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is generated from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is one of the main mechanisms by which glucose level in blood is maintained by degradation of glycogen. It is present in plants, animals, fungi and other organisms.

Interpretation Introduction

(c) Interpretation:

The balanced equation for the conversion of glucose to UDP-Glc should be written.

Concept Introduction:

ATP to ADP conversion is reduction reaction. Energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, this energy is used in cellular processes. Also, ADP can combined with a phosphate to form ATP, the reaction is as follows:

Interpretation Introduction

(d) Interpretation:

The balanced equation for the conversion of 2 moles of glycerol to glucose should be written.

Concept Introduction:

ATP to ADP conversion is reduction reaction. Energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, this energy is used in cellular processes. Also, ADP can combine with a phosphate to form ATP, the reaction is as follows:

Also, NAD+ is an oxidizing agent as it accepts electrons from other molecules to get reduced to NADH. Here, NADH can act as a reducing agent to donate electrons. Thus, the main function of NAD is electron transfer reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(e) Interpretation:

The balanced equation for the conversion of 2 moles of malate to glucose-6-phosphate should be written.

Concept Introduction:

ATP to ADP conversion is reduction reaction. Energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, this energy is used in cellular processes. Also, ADP can combine with a phosphate to form ATP, the reaction is as follows:

Similarly, the conversion of GTP to GDP is also a reduction reaction.