Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134641621
Author: Dean R. Appling, Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill, Christopher K. Mathews
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 12, Problem 6P
Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following: (a) anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of sucrose, cleaved initially by sucrose phosphorylase; (b) aerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of maltose; (c) fermentation of one glucose residue in starch to ethanol, with the initial cleavage involving a-amylase.
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Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following:
(a) anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of sucrose, cleaved initially by sucrose phosphorylase;
(b) aerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of maltose;
(c) fermentation of one glucose residue in starch to ethanol, with the initial cleavage involving α-amylase.
Consider the following interconversion, which occurs in glycolysis :(a) What is ΔG′° for the reaction ( K'eq measured at 25 °C)?(b) If the concentration of fructose 6-phosphate is adjusted to 1.5 M and that of glucose 6-phosphate is adjusted to 0.50 M, what is ΔG?(c) Why are ΔG′° and ΔG different?
The final step in the pathway for the synthesis of glucose from lactate (gluconeogenesis) is:
Glucose-6-phosphate + H20
5 Glucose + Pi
When glucose-6-phosphate is incubated with the proper enzyme and the reaction runs until
equilibrium has been reached, the final concentrations are found to be:
glucose-6-phosphate (0.035 mM), glucose (100 mM), and Pi (100 mM).
Calculate AG" at 25°C and pH 7.
10:21 PM
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Biochemistry: Concepts and Connections (2nd Edition)
Ch. 12 - Prob. 1PCh. 12 - Methanol is highly toxic, not because of its own...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3PCh. 12 - Prob. 4PCh. 12 - Prob. 5PCh. 12 - Write balanced chemical equations for each of the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 7PCh. 12 - Prob. 8PCh. 12 - Prob. 9PCh. 12 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 12 - Some anaerobic bacteria use alternative pathways...Ch. 12 - Write a pathway leading from glucose to lactose in...Ch. 12 - Prob. 13PCh. 12 - Prob. 14PCh. 12 - Prob. 15PCh. 12 - How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the...Ch. 12 - Prob. 17PCh. 12 - Avidin is a protein that binds extremely tightly...Ch. 12 - 14CO2 was bubbled through a suspension of liver...Ch. 12 - Prob. 20PCh. 12 - Prob. 21PCh. 12 - Prob. 22PCh. 12 - Prob. 23PCh. 12 - 24. Glycogen synthesis and breakdown are regulated...Ch. 12 - Prob. 25PCh. 12 - Prob. 26PCh. 12 - Prob. 27PCh. 12 - Prob. 28PCh. 12 - 29 [1-14C] Ribose-5-phosphate is incubated with a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 30PCh. 12 - Prob. 31PCh. 12 - Prob. 32PCh. 12 - Prob. 33P
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- 1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO (b) (* CH₂OH Glucose HO + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH + 2 Pi 2 F0 + 2 ATP OH + 2 ADP 3 + 2 H₂O Pyruvate The formation of oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle is unfavorable with a AG'° = +29.7 kJ/mol. Write the reactions using structural formulas for the formation of oxaloacetate and for the subsequent reaction in the TCA cycle. What particular part of the subsequent reaction makes it very favorable and ensures that oxaloacetate is continually removed to make the next TCA intermediate?arrow_forwardThe glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/molarrow_forward1.(a) ( ) Trace the course of [1,6-(C-14)-2,5-(C-13)]glucose that is first processed through glycolysis and proceeds into the TCA cycle. For the glycolysis part, use the diagram below to decide where glucose atoms end up in pyruvate. You need to illustrate only the structures of D-glucose, labeling the atoms, and of pyruvate, labeling the origin of the atoms in glucose and the distribution of the carbon isotopes in py- ruvate. After one round of the TCA cycle where will the labeled carbons be found? HO HO- СНЬОН + 2 NAD+ от + 2 NADH + 2 P₁ 2 + 2 ATP HO OH 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H₂O Glucose Pyruvatearrow_forward
- Compare the regulation of phosphofuctokinase-1 (PFK- 1) activity and fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase in glycolysis. c) In the B-oxidation of a saturated, even chain fatty acid, four basic steps are involved. Describe these reactions using the degradation of palmitic acid as an example. d) e) Compare the steps involved in the formation of ketone bodies.arrow_forwardIndicate the energy yield or cost, in ATP equivalents, for the following processes: (a) glycogen (3 residues) → 6 pyruvate. (b) 3 glucose → 6 pyruvate(c) 6 pyruvate → 3 glucose.arrow_forwardIn different organisms sucrose can be cleaved either by hydrolysis or by phosphorolysis. Calculate the ATP yield per mole of sucrose metabolized by anaerobic glycolysis starting with (a) hydrolytic cleavage and (b) phosphoro- lytic dleavage.arrow_forward
- ..a) Draw all of the reactions that occur in the aerobic metabolism of glucose that hydrolyze a thiolester bond. In your answer, include complete structural formulae as well as the names of any cofactors, enzymes, reactants and products. b) Explain why the free energy changes that characterize these reactions are so exergonic. Include a figure in your answer. ( c) If you were to completely catabolize 3 molecules of glucose under aerobic conditions, what would the ATP yield be as a result of the reactions that you've drawn above?arrow_forwardIn different organisms sucrose can be cleaved either by hydrolysis or by phosphorolysis. Calculate the ATP yield per mole of sucrose metabolized by anaerobic glycolysis starting with (a) hydrolytic cleavage and (b) phosphorolytic cleavage.arrow_forward1) under intracellular conditions, answer : If G3P-DH is inhibited by Iodoacetic acid, which glycolytic intermediate will accumulate most rapidly and why ? 2) How will increased oxaloacetate level in mitochondria affect fatty acid biosynthesis ?arrow_forward
- The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…arrow_forwardWith the aid of diagrams and equations, explain the biochemical processes involved in each of the following, in named cells. Start by mentioning the purpose and site of securrence of each. Go in details please. (a) Glucose-alanine cycle. (b) Oxidative phosphorylation.arrow_forwardDraw the products of the reaction of xylulose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. H H H OH FO HO-H H-OH H OPO3²- Q transketolase Draw glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate H H- H H H O OH OH OPO3²- Draw fructose-6- phosphate Q I Iarrow_forward
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