Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11, Problem 27ESP
DNA polymerases in all organisms add only 5′
- (a) Sketch the reaction that DNA polymerase would have to catalyze if DNA synthesis occurred in the 3′ to 5′ direction.
- (b) Consider the information in your sketch and speculate as to why proofreading would be problematic.
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A solution contains DNA polymerase and the Mg ²+ salts of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and TTP. The following DNA molecules are added to aliquots of this solution. Which of them would lead to DNA synthesis? (a) A single-stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide units. (b) A double-stranded closed circle containing 1000 nucleotide pairs. (c) A single-stranded closed circle of 1000 nucleotides base-paired to a linear strand of 500 nucleotides with a free 3' -OH terminus. (d) A double-stranded linear molecule of 1000 nucleotide pairs with a free 3’-OH group at each end.
All known DNA polymerases catalyze synthesis only in the 5' → 3' direction. Nevertheless, during semiconservative DNA replication in the cell, they are able to catalyze the synthesis of both daughter chains, which would appear to require synthesis in the 3' → 5' direction on one strand. Explain the process that occurs in the cell that allows for synthesis of both daughter chains by DNA polymerase
Give the name of the enzyme that catalyzes each of the following reactions:(a) Makes a DNA strand from a DNA template. (b) Makes a DNA strand from an RNA template. (c) Makes an RNA strand from a DNA template
Chapter 11 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 11 - In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which of the...Ch. 11 - An alien organism was investigated. When DNA...Ch. 11 - Why might mutations in genes encoding telomerase...Ch. 11 - Although the brother is an immunologically matched...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3CSCh. 11 - HOW DOWE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on how...Ch. 11 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 11 - Compare conservative, semiconservative, and...Ch. 11 - Describe the role of 15N in the MeselsonStahl...Ch. 11 - Predict the results of the experiment by Taylor,...
Ch. 11 - What are the requirements for in vitro synthesis...Ch. 11 - In Kornbergs initial experiments, it was rumored...Ch. 11 - How did Kornberg assess the fidelity of DNA...Ch. 11 - Which characteristics of DNA polymerase I raised...Ch. 11 - Kornberg showed that nucleotides are added to the...Ch. 11 - What was the significance of the polA1 mutation?Ch. 11 - Summarize and compare the properties of DNA...Ch. 11 - List and describe the function of the ten subunits...Ch. 11 - Distinguish between (a) unidirectional and...Ch. 11 - List the proteins that unwind DNA during in vivo...Ch. 11 - Define and indicate the significance of (a)...Ch. 11 - Outline the current model for DNA synthesis.Ch. 11 - Why is DNA synthesis expected to be more complex...Ch. 11 - Suppose that E. coli synthesizes DNA at a rate of...Ch. 11 - Several temperature-sensitive mutant strains of E....Ch. 11 - While many commonly used antibiotics interfere...Ch. 11 - Describe the end-replication problem in...Ch. 11 - Many of the gene products involved in DNA...Ch. 11 - In 1994, telomerase activity was discovered in...Ch. 11 - The genome of D. melanogaster consists of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 11 - DNA polymerases in all organisms add only 5...Ch. 11 - Assume that the sequence of bases shown below is...Ch. 11 - Reiji and Tuneko Okazaki conducted a now classic...Ch. 11 - Consider the drawing of a dinucleotide below. (a)...Ch. 11 - To gauge the fidelity of DNA synthesis, Arthur...
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- In Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), the temperature is one of the most important parameters that could influence the efficiency of this technique. Each cycle of this reaction has its own specific temperature. For instance, the denaturation step possesses a temperature of 94 - 98 ℃ to ensure that the double stranded DNA is fully separated. (i) (ii) (iii) Why is the annealing temperature vital in this technique? Explain how will this temperature affects the efficiency of this reaction. Why is Hot Start PCR technique preferred by some researchers? If the primers you purchased possessed the following information. 5'-GGA AAC AGC TAT GAC CAT G-3' Calculate the melting temperature of this primer and estimate the annealing temperature of this primer.arrow_forwardA temperature-sensitive mutation is one in which the defect is not presented functionally until the temperature is raised. In the case described below, the enzymes function normally in bacteria at 37 °C, but are non-functional at 40 °C. Predict the detailed molecular consequences of a loss of function in a temperature-sensitive mutant for each of the following enzymes: a) DNA gyrase, b) DNA polymerase III, c) DNA ligase, d) DNA polymerase I.arrow_forwardConsidering that DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, which direction must DNA polymerase travel along the template strand: 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' ?arrow_forward
- If DNA synthesis occurs without error, the resulting double-stranded DNA is an exact copy of the original double-stranded DNA (exact in that the base sequences are identical). Does this mean then that in DNA synthesis, the two single-stranded templates are identical? Explain.arrow_forwardIn relation to central dogma of molecular biology answer the following questions: A- Give two reasons why the DNA replication is asymmetrical process (i.e. the DNA replication outcome is different between the leading and lagging strands)? B-The following segment of DNA is part of the transcription unit of a gene. You know already that RNA polymerase moves in a specific direction along this piece of DNA to convert one of the DNA strands into a single strand RNA transcript so that this entire region of DNA is made into RNA. 5′-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-3′ 3′-CCGTACCGTTATAACATCAT-5′ Given this information, a student claims that the RNA produced from this DNA is: 3′-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-5′ Give two reasons why this answer is incorrect. C- Imagine that the mRNA codons consisted of only two nucleotides instead of three nucleotides. Would there be a sufficient number of codons for all twenty amino acids? Explain your answer. D- The length of a particular gene in human DNA,…arrow_forwardIt was once thought that the DNA polymerase machinery moves along DNA in a manner analogous to a train on a track. Current evidence indicates that the polymerizing machinery is instead stationary and that the DNA strands are pumped through the complex. What advantages does this stationary mechanism have?arrow_forward
- Suppose that the double stranded DNA molecule shown was broken at the sites indicated by the gaps in the sequence, and before the gaps were repaired, the fragment in the middle was inverted. Show the sequence of the repaired DNA molecule. Keep the 5’-3’ polarity of the DNA strands and DNA polymerases in mind.) 5’- TAAGCGTAACACGCTAA CAGTAATGCAGAACT GGGTCCTATTTTCGTGCGTACAC – 3’ 3’- ATTCGCATTGTGCGATT GTCATTACGTCTTGA CCCAGGATAAAAGCACGCATGTG -5’ Please note that there are 2 gaps. The second one is between the lines (between T & G in the 1st strand and A & C in the second strand)arrow_forwardAdenylate cydase, which synthesizes cyclic AMP from ATP, requires two metal ions, and the enzyme has the same constellation of amino acid residues in the active site as does DNA polymerase I. In what sense is the adenylate cyclase reaction similar to that of DNA polymerase, and in what sense is it different?arrow_forward(a) (b) (c) The figure shown below is the mechanism of a DNA nuclease. The DNA molecule is in blue while the protein residues are in black (M1 and M2 are metal ions, they are irrelevant to this question). 3' Base reaction. M² 5' 00 3' Glu 357 M¹ Draw the structure of the final DNA product for this reaction. Draw a square around the nucleophile and draw a circle around the leaving group in this Does this depict the reaction of an endonuclease or an exonuclease?arrow_forward
- During high stress environments, it has been found that some bacteria activate a genetic mechanism that allows them to incorporate more mutations into the DNA during replication. Would the following two enzymes be impacted by such a mechanism? In each case, provide a reason for your answer. i) DNA polymerase IIIii) Helicasearrow_forwardSometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the wrong nucleotide is added to the growing DNA strand. With regard to pyrimidines and purines, two general types of mistakes are possible. The addition of an incorrect pyrimidine instead of the correct pyrimidine (e.g., adding cytosine where thymine should be added) is called a transition. If a pyrimidine is incorrectly added to the growing strand instead of purine (e.g., adding cytosine where an adenine should be added), this type of mistake is called a transversion. If a transition or transversion is not detected by DNA polymerase, a mutation is created that permanently changes the DNA sequence. Though both types of mutations are rare, transition mutations are more frequent than transversion mutations. Based on your understanding of DNA replication and DNA polymerase, offer three explanations why transition mutations are more common.arrow_forwardDeoxyadenylate residues in DNA undergo deamination fairly readily, as do deoxycytidylate residues. (a) What is the product of dAMP deamination? (b) The deamination product is known to base-pair with A, C, or T. What would be the genetic consequences if this deaminated site in DNA were not repaired and if it paired with C on the next round of replication?arrow_forward
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