Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 18P
| a. | If you found a zinc-finger domain (which facilitates DNA binding) in a newly identified gene, what kinds of hypotheses could you make about the gene’s function? |
| b. | Suppose that this newly identified gene shares a high percentage of similarity throughout its length with a previously characterized gene in the same organism. What does this fact suggest about the origin of the two genes? Would you categorize these genes as being: (i) homologous, (ii) paralogous, or (iii) orthologous? (More than one answer may apply.) |
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A researcher examines genes for several proteins that are quite similar in both structure and function. He is interested in determining whether the genes form a multigene family and in working out which of the proteins arose first evolutionarily. What would be the BEST approach to take to address this question? Be careful to look for the best approach; some other approaches could also provide useful information while being less definitive.
A. The researcher should sequence the genes and compare their sequences. The most similar genes are likely the most closely related, while those that have more base differences probably diverged earlier.
B. The researcher should examine the functions of the proteins. Those with the most similar functions are the most closely related.
C. The researcher should induce mutations in the genes to see how these affect the function. The most mutations needed to cause changes in the function of the protein, the older the gene.
D. The researcher should…
A researcher examines genes for several proteins that are quite similar in both structure and function. He is interested in determining whether the genes form a multigene family and in working out which of the proteins arose first evolutionarily. What would be the BEST approach to take to address this question? Be careful to look for the best approach; some other approaches could also provide useful information while being less definitive.
A.
The researcher should sequence the genes and compare their sequences. The most similar genes are likely the most closely related, while those that have more base differences probably diverged earlier.
B.
The researcher should examine the functions of the proteins. Those with the most similar functions are the most closely related.
C.
The researcher should induce mutations in the genes to see how these affect the function. The most mutations needed to cause changes in the function of the protein, the older the gene.
D.
The…
Different mutations in the WDR62 gene that inactivate gene function were found in the genomes of many different people with microcephaly. This information provided strong support for the idea that the WDR62 gene mutation causes microcephaly.
A.The human genome sequence identified WDR62 as one of the approximately 27, 000 genes in the human genome. What information about the function of WDR62 do you think was learned originally from the DNA sequence of the normal human genome?
Chapter 10 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 10 - Prob. 1PCh. 10 - List three independent techniques you could use to...Ch. 10 - Figure 10.2a has numbers indicating the...Ch. 10 - Which of the enzymes from the following list would...Ch. 10 - Prob. 5PCh. 10 - a. What sequence information about a gene is...Ch. 10 - Why do geneticists studying eukaryotic organisms...Ch. 10 - Consider three different kinds of human libraries:...Ch. 10 - The human genome has been sequenced, but we still...Ch. 10 - This problem investigates issues encountered in...
Ch. 10 - For the sake of simplicity, Fig. 10.4 omitted one...Ch. 10 - Give two different reasons for the much higher...Ch. 10 - Using a cDNA library, you isolated two different...Ch. 10 - The figure that follows shows part of a modified...Ch. 10 - In Problem 14, cDNAs F and G could not be found in...Ch. 10 - Fig. 10.10 presents a model for exon shuffling in...Ch. 10 - An interesting phenomenon found in vertebrate DNA...Ch. 10 - a. If you found a zinc-finger domain which...Ch. 10 - Prob. 19PCh. 10 - In the human immune system, so-called B cells can...Ch. 10 - Chimpanzees have a set of hemoglobin genes very...Ch. 10 - Complete genome sequences indicate that the human...Ch. 10 - On your computers browser, view the page accessed...Ch. 10 - Prob. 24PCh. 10 - Prob. 25PCh. 10 - Certain individuals with mild forms of...Ch. 10 - The 1 and 2 genes in humans are identical in their...Ch. 10 - Prob. 28P
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- You are interested in finding out the function of a particular gene in the mouse genome. You have determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene, defined the portion that codes for its protein product, and searched the relevant database for similar sequences; however, neither the gene nor the encoded protein resembles anything previously described. What types of additional information about the gene and the encoded protein would you like to know in order to narrow down its function, and why?arrow_forwardWhen comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Include 4 succinct points at least)arrow_forwardYou have sequenced the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium, and you are using BLAST analysis to identify similarities within the S. typhimurium genome to known proteins. You find a protein that is 100 percent identical in the bacterium Escherichia coli. When you compare nucleotide sequences of the S. typhimurium and E. coli genes, you find that their nucleotide sequences are only 87 percent identical.a. Explain this observation.b. What do these observations tell you about the merits of nucleotide- versus protein-similarity searches in identifying related genes?arrow_forward
- The image below shows the base cytosine and a methylated form of cytosine that occurs frequently in the human genome. Use your knowledge of DNA structure to answer the following question: a) Does methylation of cytosine affect its ability to base-pair with guanine? Explain b) Could methylation of cytosine affect the binding of a protein that interacts with a C-G base-pair in the major groove? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardWhen comparing evolutionary similarities between different genes within a gene family, it is usually more straightforward to compare genes by using the protein sequences of gene products rather than DNA sequences of the genes themselves. Explain why this is the case. (Write 5 points)arrow_forwardWhat did the Hershey / Chase experiments (above) demonstrate about the molecules responsible for genetic inheritance patterns in the T2 bacteriophage? A. the genetic material consists of carbohydrates, not RNA B. the genetic material consists of protein, not lipids C. the genetic material consists of DNA, not polypeptides D. the genetic material consists of protein, not DNA E. the genetic material consists of lipids, not polypeptidesarrow_forward
- Suppose that the sequences of two proteins each consisting of 200 amino acids are aligned and that the percentage of identical residues has been calculated. How would you interpret each of the following results in regard to the possible divergence of the two proteins from a common ancestor? (a) 80% (b) 50% (c) 20% (d) 10%arrow_forwardThe human genome contains more than a million copies of the Alu transposable element. Comparative genomics reveals that the Alu element is found only in the clade of mammals that includes primates, tree shrews,rodents, and rabbits. a. What does the observation that the Alu transposon is limited to this clade reveal about its origin and method of spread among species? b. At many sites in the genome, an Alu element is present in humans but absent in chimpanzees, while at many other sites an Alu element is present in chimpanzees but absent in humans. What are two hypotheses that could explain this situation? For any particular site,how could the hypotheses be distinguished?arrow_forwardHemoglobin from the Galapagos tortoise is 64% identical to that from human beings. In contrast, a protein called histone H2B is 98% identical in these two organisms. What level of identity would you expect for histone H2B for gorillas compared with human beings? 0% 32% 64% 100% Would histone H2B be as useful a molecular clock as hemoglobin? No, because its sequence changes too quickly. Yes, because its sequence changes slowly enough. No, because its sequence changes too slowly. Yes, because its sequence changes quickly enough.arrow_forward
- The image below shows the base cytosine and a methylated form of cytosine that occurs frequently in the human genome. Use your knowledge of DNA structure to answer the following questions: a) Does methylation of cytosine affect its ability to base-pair with guanine? Explain your answer. b) Would methylation of cytosine affect the binding of a protein that interacts with a C-G base-pair in the major groove?arrow_forwardThe human genome is approximately 3 billion basepairs in size.a. Using standard 8.5″ × 11″ paper with one-inch margins, a 12-point font size, and single-spaced lines, howmany sheets of paper printed on one side would berequired to print out the human genome?b. A ream of 500 sheets of paper is about 5 cm thick.How tall would the stack of paper with the entirehuman genome be?c. Would you want a backpack, shopping cart, or asemitrailer truck to haul around this stack?arrow_forwardThe origin of genes that have new functions often involves the divergence of gene duplicates.Duplicates can arise via several mechanisms. a. One mechanism of gene duplication is retrotransposition, the insertion into the genome of DNA produced by reverse transcription of a messenger RNA. These gene duplicates are often dead on arrival: they are pseudogenes as soon as they are formed. Why are such duplicates so often dead on arrival? b. A second mechanism of gene duplication occurs via unequal crossing over during meiosis. Gene duplicates formed this way are functional more often than when they arise by reverse transcription. Why is that? c. If a gene duplicate is initially functional, what are its possible ultimate fates? Which is most likely,and why?arrow_forward
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