Chapter 9, Problem 90A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The percentage of the total production of the top ten inorganic chemicals carried by lime is to be determined

Concept Introduction: The percentage of production can be calculated by dividing the given amount by the total amount produced and the result is multiplied by 100.

Explanation of Solution

The percentage of lime production among the total production can be determined as shown below. The total amount of inorganic chemicals produced is the sum of the amounts of each chemical given in the table.

  $\begin{array}{c}\text{Percentage of production of lime }=\frac{\text{Amount}\text{of}\text{lime}\text{produced}}{\text{Total}\text{amount}\text{of}\text{inorganic}\text{chemicals}\text{produced}}\text{x}100\%\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{16}\text{.3}{\text{x10}}^{\text{9}}\text{kg}}{\text{165}\text{.4}{\text{x10}}^{\text{9}}\text{kg}}\\ \text{=}\text{9}\text{.85}\text{\%}\end{array}$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The names of the three diatomic gases in the table are to be stated. Also, the combined production of these gases is to be determined.

Concept Introduction: A diatomic molecule is a chemical compound in which two atoms are chemically combined to form a molecule. If both atoms are of the same element, they are called homonuclear diatomic molecules, while if they are of different elements they are called heteronuclear diatomic molecules.

Answer to Problem 90A

The three diatomic gases are nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine. The combined production of these gases is 54.9 billion kilograms.

Explanation of Solution

Nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine usually exist as ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{,O}}_{\text{2}}\text{and}{\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}$ , containing two atoms in each molecule. They are gases under normal conditions.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The percentage of total production carried out by the three acids is to be determined.

Concept Introduction: The percentage of production can be calculated by dividing the given amount by the total amount produced and the result is multiplied by 100.

Explanation of Solution

In the given table, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid are the three acids produced. The total percentage production of these acids can be calculated as shown below:

  $\begin{array}{c}\text{Percentage of production of acids }=\frac{\text{Amount}\text{of}\text{acids}\text{produced}}{\text{Total}\text{amount}\text{of}\text{inorganic}\text{chemicals}\text{produced}}\text{x}100\%\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{57}\text{.4}{\text{x10}}^{\text{9}}\text{kg}}{\text{165}\text{.4}{\text{x10}}^{\text{9}}\text{kg}}\\ \text{=}34.7\text{\%}\end{array}$

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The chemical formulas of the inorganic chemicals given in the table are to be determined

Concept Introduction: Chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its chemical composition. It consists of the chemical symbols of the elements present in that compound and also the number of atoms of each element present.

Answer to Problem 90A

The chemical formulas of the top ten inorganic chemicals are:

• Sulfuric acid - ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$
• Nitrogen - ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}$
• Oxygen - ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$
• Ammonia - ${\text{NH}}_{\text{3}}$
• Lime - $\text{CaO}$
• Phosphoric acid - ${\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$
• Sodium hydroxide - $\text{NaOH}$
• Chlorine - ${\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}$
• Sodium carbonate - ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}C{O}_3$
• Nitric acid - ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$

Explanation of Solution

The chemical formulas of compounds are written by writing the symbol of the first element in the name first followed by the second element, with each element having a subscript denoting the number of that atom present in the compound.