Chapter 9, Problem 130A

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The formation of hydrogen bonds and under what conditions is it formed are to be stated.

Concept Introduction: Different types of bonds exist between atoms in a compound. Some of them are formed by sharing of electrons while others are formed by the complete transfer of electrons. Some other kind of bonds arises due to the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms. The hydrogen bond is an example of such an electrostatic force of attraction.

Answer to Problem 130A

The hydrogen bond is an electrostatic interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons. It is formed when a hydrogen atom bonded to N, O, or F comes in proximity with another N, O, or F atom.

Explanation of Solution

When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like N, O, or F, the bonded electrons are unequally shared resulting in the development of a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom. When another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons comes near this hydrogen atom, an electrostatic force of attraction is generated, which is termed hydrogen bonding. It is weaker than ionic or covalent bonds but stronger than Van der Waals forces.