Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 9, Problem 29PDQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The base that will be generated when 5-methylcytosine is hydrolyzed at the 5th carbon of pyrimidine ring.
Introduction:
Methylation refers to the addition of methyl group. In cytosine, methylation takes place at 5th carbon, which results in the production of 5-methylcytosine. This is also known as a methylated form of cytosine, which is a base present in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 9 - CASE STUDY |Zigs and zags of the smallpox virus...Ch. 9 -
CASE STUDY | Zigs and zags of the smallpox...Ch. 9 - CASE STUDY | Zigs and zags of the smallpox...Ch. 9 - CASE STUDY | Zigs and zags of the smallpox virus...Ch. 9 -
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1. In this chapter, we have...Ch. 9 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on p. 160. Most...Ch. 9 - Discuss the reasons why proteins were generally...Ch. 9 -
4. Contrast the various contributions made to our...Ch. 9 - When Avery and his colleagues had obtained what...Ch. 9 - Why were 32P and 35S chosen in the Hershey–Chase...
Ch. 9 - Does the design of the Hershey-Chase experiment...Ch. 9 - What observations are consistent with the...Ch. 9 - What are the exceptions to the general rule that...Ch. 9 -
10. Draw the chemical structure of the three...Ch. 9 - How are the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the...Ch. 9 - Adenine may also be named 6–amino purine. How...Ch. 9 -
13. Draw the chemical structure of a dinucleotide...Ch. 9 - Describe the various characteristics of the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 15PDQCh. 9 - What might Watson and Crick have concluded, had...Ch. 9 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 21PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 22PDQCh. 9 -
23. Why is Tm related to base composition?
Ch. 9 - What is the chemical basis of molecular...Ch. 9 - What did the Watson–Crick model suggest about the...Ch. 9 - A genetics student was asked to draw the chemical...Ch. 9 - Prob. 27PDQCh. 9 -
28. One of the most common spontaneous lesions...Ch. 9 - Prob. 29PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 30PDQCh. 9 - Prob. 31PDQCh. 9 -
32. During electrophoresis, DNA molecules can...Ch. 9 - Assume that you are interested in separating short...
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- Snake venom phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes nucleotides from the 3' end of any oligonucleotide and cleaves between the 3' hydroxyl of the ribose or deoxyribose and the phosphoryl group of the next nucleotide. It acts on single-stranded DNA or RNA and has no base specificity. Which nucleotide would be released first from the oligonucleotide shown below upon treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase? choices a. Deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate b. Deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate c. Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate d. Guanosine 5'-monophosphate e. Deoxythymidinearrow_forwardEnediynes are natural products with potent antitumor properties because they are able to cleave DNA (page 288). Their cytotoxic properties are due tothe enediyne undergoing a cyclization to form a highly reactive diradical intermediate. The intermediate abstracts hydrogen atoms from the backbone of DNA, which triggers its damage. Draw the structure of the diradical intermediate.arrow_forwardWhat is the significance of the pentose monophosphate shunt to synthesis of nucleotides? What is a difference between synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides?arrow_forward
- In E. coli, all newly synthesized DNA appears to be fragmented (an observation that could be interpreted to mean that the leading strand as well as the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously). However, in E. coli mutants that are defective in uracil–DNA glycosylase, only about half the newly synthesized DNA is fragmented. Explain.arrow_forwardGiven the structures of the nitrogenous bases shown in the picture, draw the structure of a part of DNA with the sequence: 5'-GTTCA-3'.arrow_forwardAn exonuclease is an enzyme that sequentially cleaves nucleotides from the end of a polynucleotide strand. Snake venom phosphodiesterase, which hydrolyzes nucleotides from the 3′ end of any oligonucleotidewith a free 3′-hydroxyl group, cleaves between the 3′ hydroxyl of the ribose or deoxyribose and the phosphoryl group of the next nucleotide. It acts on single-stranded DNA or RNA and has no base specificity. This enzyme was used in sequence determination experiments before the development of modern nucleic acid sequencing techniques. What are theproducts of partial digestion by snake venom phosphodiesterase of an oligonucleotide with the sequence (5′)GCGCCAUUGC(3′)—OH?arrow_forward
- Analogs of nucleotides are often used in studies of DNA. An analog is a modification of one of the normal bases that can be incorporated into DNA via replication and can later be detected for analysis. The thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is widely used in the laboratory for these types of experiments. However, EdU is toxic to cells, and inclusion of EdU in growth medium eventually causes cell death, unlike other thymidine analogs. Recently, a research team examined if cells recognized EdU as damage to the DNA and if the cells used the nucleotide excision repair (NER) systems to fix the DNA (see figure A). Human cells cultured in the lab were treated for 24 hours with either EdU or another thymidine analog, BrdU (blue circles in the figure). The cells were then exposed to UV light where damage would occur (red triangles in the figure). After 1 h of repair in the presence of the analog, the cells were lysed and excision products were separated from cells. An…arrow_forwardThe antibiotic cordycepin inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis. Solve, (a) Of which nucleoside is cordycepin a derivative? (b) Explain cordycepin’s mechanism of action.arrow_forward5-Bromouracil is a compound that is known to induce point mutations in DNA. 1) Out of A/C/G/T as drawn, which nucleobase pairs best with 5-bromouracil? Briefly explain why? ii) The bromine of 5-bromouracil stabilises the alternative tautomeric form of the lactam at position 4. Describe in words the structure of this alternative lactim tautomer of 5-bromouracil. iii) Identify the nucleobase (A/C/G/T) which can best base pair with this alternative tautomer.arrow_forward
- In human DNA, 70% of cytosine residues that are followed by guanine (so-called CpG dinucleotides, where p indicates the phosphate in the phosphodiester bond between these two nucleotides) are methylated to form 5-methylcytosine. As shown in the following figure, if 5-methylcytosine should undergo spontaneous deamination, it becomes thymine. 2. NH, Deamination 5-methylcytosine Thymine Methylated CpG dinucleotides are hotspots for point mutations in human DNA. Can you propose a hypothesis that explains why?arrow_forwardIn the Watson-Crick model for the DNA double helix (B form) the A-T and G-C base pairs share all but one of the following properties. Which is the exception? None of the proton-binding groups in the purine and pyrimidine bases is in its charged or ionized form. The plane of the base pair is roughly perpendicular to the axis of the helix in each case. The number of hydrogen bonds formed between the two bases of the base pair is the same. O The distance between the two glycosidic (base-sugar) bonds is the same in both base pairs, within a few tenths of an angstrom.arrow_forwardExplain why RNase A cannot catalyze the hydrolysis of DNA.arrow_forward
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