Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 9, Problem 14PDQ
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) offers a potential solution for women with mtDNA-based diseases to have healthy children. Based on what you know about the importance of nuclear gene products to mitochondrial functions, will MRT ensure that children will not inherit or develop a mtDNA-based diseases?
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Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a disease that involves degeneration of neural cells in the retina and results in loss of central vision. The disease is caused by mutations in any one of three genes in the mitochondrial genome that encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. In a genetic counseling clinic, a woman and her husband seek advice on the potential that any of their children would be afflicted with LHON. The husband's mother and father, both exhibit symptoms of the disease, but the woman does not. What is a reasonable advising statement to make?
a.
The couple should be advised that all of their children are likely to display symptoms of LHON.
b.
There is not enough information to advise this couple.
c.
The couple should be advised that none of their children will be affected.
d.
The couple should be advised that all their male children will display symptoms of LHON, but female children will be unaffected.
e.
The couple should be…
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a disease that involves degeneration of neural cells in the retina and results in loss of central vision. The disease is caused by mutations in any one of three genes in the mitochondrial genome that encode proteins involved in oxidative
phosphorylation. In a genetic counseling clinic, a woman and her husband seek advice on the potential that any of their children would be afflicted with LHON. The husband's mother and father, both exhibit symptoms of the disease, but the woman does not. What is a reasonable advising
statement to make?
There is not enough information to advise this couple.
a.
The couple should be advised that all of their children are likely to display symptoms of LHON.
b.
The couple should be advised that all their female children will display symptoms of LHON, but male children will be unaffected.
C.
The couple should be advised that all their male children will display symptoms of LHON, but female children will be…
Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a disease that involves degeneration of neural cells in the retina and results in loss of central vision. The disease is caused by mutations in any one of three genes in the mitochondrial genome that encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. In a genetic counseling clinic, a woman and her husband seek advice on the potential that any of their children would be afflicted with LHON. The husband's mother and father, both exhibit symptoms of the disease, but the woman does not. What is a reasonable advising statement to make?
Chapter 9 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 9 - Chlamydomonas, a eukaryoric green alga, may be...Ch. 9 - In aerobically cultured yeast, a petite mutant is...Ch. 9 - DNA in human mitochondria encodes 22 different...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4NSTCh. 9 - Why did Marcia choose mitochondrial testing to...Ch. 9 - Marcia saw an ad on television for ancestry DNA...Ch. 9 - How much importance should we place on the results...Ch. 9 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on...Ch. 9 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 196. The...Ch. 9 - Streptomycin resistance in Chlamydomonas may...
Ch. 9 - A plant may have green, white, or green-and-white...Ch. 9 - In diploid yeast strains, sporulation and...Ch. 9 - Predict the results of a cross between ascospores...Ch. 9 - In Lymnaea, what results would you expect in a...Ch. 9 - In a cross of Lymnaea, the snail contributing the...Ch. 9 - In Drosophila subobscura, the presence of a...Ch. 9 - A male mouse from a true-breeding strain of...Ch. 9 - Consider the case where a mutation occurs that...Ch. 9 - What is the endosymbiotic theory, and why is this...Ch. 9 - In an earlier Problems and Discussion section (see...Ch. 9 - Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) offers a...Ch. 9 - The specification of the anteriorposterior axis in...Ch. 9 - The maternal-effect mutation bicoid (bcd) is...Ch. 9 - (a) In humans the mitochondrial genome encodes a...Ch. 9 - Mutations in mitochondrial DNA appear to be...Ch. 9 - Researchers examined a family with an interesting...Ch. 9 - Payne, B. A. et al. (2013) present evidence that a...Ch. 9 - As mentioned in Section 9.3, mtDNA accumulates...Ch. 9 - Because offspring inherit the mitochondrial genome...
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- Antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, but have no effect on the synthesis of proteins encoded by eukaryotic nuclear genes. Cycloheximide inhibits the synthesis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes, but has no effect on bacterial protein synthesis. How might these compounds be used to determine which proteins are encoded by mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes?arrow_forwardnvestigate references dealing with the technical and ethical challenges surrounding mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT). Consider the following questions: Differentiate between MRT methods: pronuclear transfer (PNT) versus maternal spindle transfer (MST). Much of the controversy surrounding MRT methods has been triggered by the phrase “three-parent babies” in media headlines. Do you think that this phrase is an accurate description of children born following mitochondrial replacement? Summarize the ethical arguments used to support and oppose the use of MRT in humans. In your opinion, which arguments have validity, and whyarrow_forwardA mother has a high heteroplasmic load in her germ cells (cells that will produce her eggs). Which of the following statements is correct? A. ALL of her offspring are guaranteed to inherit the disease associated with this heteroplasmic load. B. She can only pass the mitochondrial mutation to her daughters. C. ALL of her eggs that can potentially be fertilized will have a high heteroplasmic load. D. Cell division could lead to uneven distribution of mitochondria.arrow_forward
- The DNA located inside of mitochondria exhibits approximately ten times the mutation rate seen in nuclear DNA. Provide an explanation as to why this is the case and what are the effects of this higher mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA on disease processes?arrow_forwardTay–Sachs disease is a severe autosomal recessive genetic disease that produces deafness, blindness, seizures, and, eventually, death at 2 to 3 years of age. The disease results from a defect in the HEXA gene, which encodes hexosaminidase A. This enzyme normally degrades GM2 gangliosides. In the absence of hexosaminidase A, GM2 gangliosides accumulate in the brain. The results of molecular studies showed that the most common mutation causing Tay–Sachs disease is a 4-bp insertion that produces a downstream premature stop codon. Results of further studies have revealed that the transcription of the HEXA gene is normal in people who have Tay–Sachs disease, but the HEXA mRNA is unstable. Propose a mechanism to account for how a premature stop codon could cause mRNA instability.arrow_forward99% of mitochondria are inherited from the mother. Mitochondria are thus primarily passed on from mother to offspring. Draw a pedigree showing a pattern that suggests a mitochondrial gene mutation. Explain step by step.arrow_forward
- There is a benign congenital condition called Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) in which production of the fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is not switched off post-partum (after birth). It is due to a mutation in the β-globin gene cluster. People that are homozygotes for this mutation, meaning that the gene from both parents is mutated, continue to make almost exclusively HbF throughout their life rather than adult hemoglobin (HbA). HPFH homozygotes demonstrate a slight erythrocytosis, or an increase in the number or mass of their red blood cells, and consequently an increase in the concentration of HbF. Given only what you know about the oxygen saturation dynamics of HbF versus HbA, can you explain why there might be the slight erythrocytosis in HPFH homozygotes? It has been observed that the prevalence of HPFH is much higher in populations with certain hemoglobinopathic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, and is selected for in populations with a high prevalence of these…arrow_forwardA defective gene on chromosome 15 causes Tay-Sachs disease. It is a central nervous system neurodegenerative disease that most often affects infants, though older children and adults can have late-onset forms of the disease. The defective gene prevents the body from making a protein called hexosaminidase A. Without, hexosaminidase A, chemicals called gangliosides build up in the nerve cells of the brain, destroying brain cells.A couple has one daughter with Tay-Sachs disease and three other unaffected children. Neither the mother, nor father, nor any of the biological grandparents of the affected daughter have had the disease. Tay-Sachs disease most likely demonstrates what type of inheritance? Pedigree information regarding the incidence of Tay-Sachs within a family is depicted above. The row below that indicates the genotypes of individuals II-1, II-2, and III-1 is Select one: a. II-1 II-2 III-1 Aa Aa aa b. II-1 II-2 III-1 XAY XAXa XAXa c. II-1 II-2 III-1…arrow_forwardA defective gene on chromosome 15 causes Tay-Sachs disease. It is a central nervous system neurodegenerative disease that most often affects infants, though older children and adults can have late-onset forms of the disease. The defective gene prevents the body from making a protein called hexosaminidase A. Without, hexosaminidase A, chemicals called gangliosides build up in the nerve cells of the brain, destroying brain cells.A couple has one daughter with Tay-Sachs disease and three other unaffected children. Neither the mother, nor father, nor any of the biological grandparents of the affected daughter have had the disease. Tay-Sachs disease most likely demonstrates what type of inheritance? Select one: a. autosomal dominant b. X-linked recessive c. X-linked dominant d. autosomal recessivearrow_forward
- What is the Philadelphia chromosome? Briefly describe how it causes chronic myeloid leukemia.arrow_forward1) Discuss the roles of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in normal cell signalling transduction and in cancer development. 2) Describe uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA and discuss its importance in human disease and potential treatment strategiesarrow_forwardAntibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, but have no effect on the synthesis of proteins encoded by eukaryotic nuclear genes. Cycloheximide inhibits the synthesis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes, but has no effect on bacterial protein synthesis. How might these compounds be used to determine which proteins are encoded by mitochondrial and chloroplastgenomes?CHALLENGE QUESTIarrow_forward
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Mitochondrial mutations; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvgXe-3RJeU;License: CC-BY