Interpretation: The rules of the arrangement of electrons around the nuclei of atoms need to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
An atomic orbital explains the position of an electron in an atom. An atomic orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins. The four basic atomic orbitals are s, p, d, and f . The number of electrons in each orbital can be explained with the help of quantum numbers. There are four quantum numbers; principal quantum number ( n ), azimuthal quantum number ( l ), magnetic quantum number (
Explanation of Solution
There are three rules for the arrangement of electrons around the nuclei of atoms:
- Aufbau Principle
- Hund’s Rule
- Pauli-Exclusion Principle
The three rules are explained as follows:
Aufbau Principle: According to this principle, electrons are added in atomic orbitals arranged in increasing order of energy.
The increasing order is as follows:
Hund’s Rule: According to this rule when electrons are filled in orbitals with the same energy, first all empty orbitals are occupied, and then the paring of electrons takes place.
Pauli-Exclusion Principle: According to this principle, each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers. Thus, even if electrons are occupied in the same orbital, their spin quantum numbers must be different that is they must be paired spins.
Chapter 5 Solutions
Chemistry 2012 Student Edition (hard Cover) Grade 11
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